The social learning process plays a key role in the emergence of collective intelligence in our society. The recent development of computational frameworks with cognitive modeling has enabled us to mathematically track how people combine their personal experiences and social information. In this article, we first present several variations of social learning processes and the situations in which social learning can be beneficial for each individual. Next, we outline a game-theoretic dilemma that arises from the interdependence between individuals who constitutes a group. As in the “tragedy of the commons” in social dilemmas, rational self-interested individuals could exploit others’ exploratory findings through social learning while behaving as a free-rider in information search. We review how groups of individuals can overcome this challenge and achieve collective intelligence. Finally, we demonstrate how large collectives of rational individuals may spread inaccurate information on the Internet and cause unpredictability in society, such as the diffusion of false information or information cascade. We discuss two possible ways to counter such unintended maladaptive problems in a large-scale society: nudges and algorithmic backups. There have been many works that shed light on how various nudge techniques can mitigate the madness of crowds. Although these efforts are certainly helpful, we argue that interventions based on deeper understanding about algorithms of human decision making may provide more fundamental aid to prevent the spread of false information in our society.

本稿では，強化学習を用いた依存症の計算論的精神医学研究について紹介を行う．依存症は，物質の摂取や高揚感を伴う行為などを繰り返し行った結果，それらの刺激を求める耐えがたい欲求や，得られないことによる不快な精神的・身体的症状を生じ，様々な損害を引き起こしてもやめられない状態に陥る重大な精神疾患である．この疾患の理解と治療法開発のために，臨床研究による病態の解明やマウスなどを用いたモデル動物によるメカニズムの解明が進められているが，本稿ではそれらの知見を元にして数理モデルを構築する研究アプローチを取り上げる．まずは導入として筆頭著者らが開発した計算論的精神医学研究データベースの使用例を示しつつ，主眼である依存症研究においてどのような数理モデルが多く用いられてきたのかについて分析する．その後，最もよく研究されている強化学習を用いた依存症の行動的特徴に関する具体的な研究の流れを紹介する．最後に，筆者らが最近提案した，非物質への依存（ギャンブル・

Empathy is considered to be crucial not only for having a good interpersonal relationship in a daily life but also for comprehending our human society. Empathy in rodents is one of recent hot topics in the field of experimental psychology and neuroscience. This article provides a brief overview of the recent studies of emotional contagion and prosocial behavior in rodents, with a particular interest in its methodological aspect. Additionally, the article also introduces recent studies that investigate the neural mechanisms underlying these processes. Finally, I briefly discuss the significance of using rodents in research of an empathic process as well as more general mental processes.

ゲノム編集技術が発展する中，体細胞への応用では臨床利用にも進んでいる。一方，受精卵への適応に関しては，一細胞レベルの解析技術の進展などにより，ヒトの着床前期胚発生でも分子レベルの知見が深まり分子の機能性解析のためゲノム編集技術の応用が期待されている。しかし，受精卵を含めた生殖細胞系列への遺伝子改変技術の適応は，個体全ての細胞へ波及しさらに，生殖細胞への遺伝子改変を通して世代を超えていく。ここでは，ヒト生殖細胞系列の科学的側面の理解を深め，ゲノム編集技術を適応することの可能性と課題を検討する。

Many capacitive touch panels detect the position and contact area of the users' fingers, and can estimate vertical force by the change of the contact area. However, they cannot estimate the tangential force. We have proposed methods of tangential force input for touch panels using elastic layer on touch panel. This paper reports a development of the device, a new method to distinguish between force input and swipe input, and evaluation of the method. We also evaluated how elastic materials effect on the discrimination accuracy or subjective impression of the users. The results showed that using elastic materials gives good effects on both accuracy of the operation and subjective impression. Furthermore we proposed some applications that utilize the two inputs; swipe and tangential force.