The national action plan on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Japan emphasizes the importance of understanding antimicrobial use (

). Some studies have been conducted on oral and parenteral in Japan. However, there are few studies on the use of topical antimicrobials, such as in dermatology and ophthalmology. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the use of topical in Japan. Data on in dermatology and ophthalmology were obtained from the 2017 National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan Open Data. The number of dermatological products used was 58,396,530 in 2017. The proportions of betamethasone/gentamicin and gentamicin used were 50.5% and 16.7%, respectively, whereas that of the ingredient quantity in gentamicin was 7.8%. It has been suggested that topical should be evaluated based on the number of products being used. The number of ophthalmological products used was 24,655,653 in 2017, and the proportion of quinolones used was 95.9%. The high prescription rate of quinolones may cause an increase in quinolone resistance in the ophthalmologic field. Topical , which is a potential “blind spot” in the measures against AMR, needs to be continuously monitored, together with systemic .

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We have been developing an ignition system for small satellites that uses energetic ionic liquid propellant () containing ammonium dinitramide (ADN), monomethylamine nitrate (MMAN), and urea. In this study, we investigated the effect of adding copper compounds to in promoting the exothermic reaction of in the condensed phase and increasing its ignitability by heating. We found that 2 wt% of basic copper nitrate (BCN) can dissolve in . We used differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis, and a digital microscope to observe the condensed-phase reactions of ADN ⁄ BCN, MMAN ⁄ BCN, urea ⁄ BCN, and ⁄ BCN mixtures, and we analyzed the thermal behavior to investigate the influence of BCN on their exothermic reactions. Although BCN dissolved by forming a complex with MMAN, it did not affect the initial exothermic reaction of . BCN promoted the exothermic reaction at high temperatures, and the gross calorific value of the condensed-phase reaction was increased. Hence, adding BCN can potentially improve the ignitability of . The promotion of exothermic reactions was attributed to the decomposition of the copper complex to copper oxide, which promotes the exothermic reaction of MMAN and ammonium nitrate, resulting from the decomposition of ADN.

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本稿は，将来的なアジアにおける通貨体制の検討のひとつとして，域内通貨のバスケットとしてのアジア通貨単位（Asian Monetary Unit,

）の創出と為替リスク管理の視点から観たその有用性と必要性を考察したものである。と東アジア域内通貨間の為替相場の安定性，試算したを域内での国際取引における建値として活用することの有効性を確認した。さらに，為替リスクヘッジに不可欠なの先物相場の理論値の算出を行うとともに，そのレート水準の妥当性を確認した。そのうえで，の実利用目的・優位性は，企業の為替リスク管理におけるボラティリティ低減，エクスポージャー削減であることを示唆した。

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The unified atomic mass unit (unit symbol: u) is a non-SI unit of mass defined as one twelfth the mass of a single ¹²C atom in its ground state. This definition was agreed upon by both the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry in early 1960s to resolve a longstanding difference between two scales of atomic mass unit. The term “atomic mass unit” (unit symbol: ) has been used to a unit of mass defined as one sixteenth the mass of a single atom ¹⁶O [m(¹⁶O)=16 ] in physics, or as one sixteenth the isotope-averaged atomic mass (equivalent to the atomic weight) of oxygen [A_r(O)=16 ] in chemistry.
It is a common mistake to use the deprecated term “atomic mass unit” and the deprecated unit symbol “” for the unit of mass defined as one twelfth the mass of single atom ¹²C.

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Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging problem in both acute care hospitals and nursing homes. From January to December 2016, we conducted a pilot, descriptive epidemiological study to examine antimicrobial use (

) among 6 nursing homes in Tokyo, Japan. was extracted from prescription data of a pharmacy that received all prescriptions from the 6 nursing homes. To standardize the comparison of drug usage, was measured using the defined daily dose (DDD) and estimated as DDDs/1,000 resident-days. The overall was 15.3/1,000 resident-days, including oral antimicrobials (15.2/1,000 resident-days [99.3%]). The most frequently prescribed oral-antimicrobials was macrolides (5.8/1,000 resident-days [38.2%]) and quinolones (4.2/1,000 resident-days [27.6%]). Oral macrolides and quinolones were thought to be a convenience in prescription among nursing homes with resource limiting due to smaller defined the number of daily doses compared to penicillins and cephalosporins. In addition, multicenter studies that include resident-specific data (demographics and diagnosis) and focus on the purpose of antimicrobials (treatment or prevention) are needed to evaluate the appropriateness of antimicrobials.

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This article analyses the factors behind the failure of the

River diversion project initiated by the Grand Duke Nikolai Konstantinovich in the territories of the Khanate of Khiva at the end of the 1870s. Shioya (2014) argued the details of the Grand Duke's project and the response of the government of Khiva to them, but the response of the general-governorship of Turkestan, the then supreme military-administrative organ of the Russian Empire in Central Asia, to the project still needs to be analysed. From the correspondence between the governor-general K. P. von Kaufman and a zoologist, D. Alenitsyn, it is evident that the former's response concerned the militarily strategic importance of the navigation of the River, and the contemporary situation in Afghanistan, that is, the ongoing Second Anglo-Afghan war. Within the war ministry, the logistics connecting the navigation of the major river with the planned railroad between Central Asia and Russia were highly evaluated. In addition, the influence of the Duke's activities on the Turkmens in Khiva was also considered to bring instability to the khanate, regarding which Alenitsyn pictured the worst-case scenario, namely, the collapse of Russian rule in Central Asia with the spread of native disturbances initiated by the British-Indian army, if the army were to march through the River basin. These factors, in line with the Grand Duke's misapprehension of the history and irrigation of the lower basin of the , led to the failure of his diversion project.

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Chromosomal aberration assessment is an important index in mutation breeding for determining the mutagen potency, which helps to deduce an optimum level of mutagen dose tolerable by the species. The current experiment was carried out to study the comparative account of different concentrations of EMS (0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03% and 0.04%), gamma rays (100Gy, 200Gy, 300Gy and 400Gy) and their combinations (100 Gy + 0.01% EMS, 200 Gy + 0.02% EMS, 300 Gy + 0.03% EMS and 400 Gy + 0.04% EMS) on induced chromosomal aberrations in two varieties of Vicia faba L. viz; PRT-12 and vikrant. The control plants showed normal meiosis while the treated plants showed considerable meiotic anomaly. Percent frequency assessment showed dose dependent increase in aberrations. The different abnormalities observed were laggards, bridges, stickiness, micronuclei, disturbed polarity, cytomixis etc. Seeds treated with combination treatments showed more cytological aberrations then individual treatments of both gamma and EMS doses. The order of the most signifi cant dose from each treatment conditions (physical, chemical and combination) were 300 Gy + 0.03% EMS > 400 Gy > 0.04% EMS for var. vikrant and 400 Gy + 0.04% EMS > 0.04% EMS > 400 Gy for var. PRT-12. The comparative analysis showed higher sensitivity of variety vikrant towards the doses of mutagen used than variety PRT-12 at same dose.

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The unified atomic mass unit (unit symbol: u) is a non-SI unit of mass, defined as one-twelfth the mass of a single ¹²C atom in its ground state. [SI: Le Système International d'Unités; The International System of Units] This definition was agreed upon by both the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in the early 1960s to resolve a longstanding difference between two scales of the atomic mass unit. The term “atomic mass unit” (unit symbol: ) has been used as a unit of mass defined as one-sixteenth the mass of a single atom ¹⁶O [m(¹⁶O)=16 ] in physics and as one-sixteenth the isotope-averaged atomic mass (equivalent to the atomic weight) of oxygen [A_r(O)=16 ] in chemistry.
The unit dalton (unit symbol: Da) is also a non-SI unit of mass defined as “1 Da=1 u,” and is accepted as a unit for use by the SI in the 8th edition of the SI brochure (2006). Therefore, both the unified atomic mass unit and dalton are authorized units for mass of ions and molecules.
It is a common mistake to use the deprecated term “atomic mass unit” and the deprecated unit symbol “” for the unit of mass defined as one-twelfth the mass of single atom ¹²C. The unit symbol “mmu,” meaning a millimass unit, is also an appropriate unit in SI. Instead of “mmu,” “mDa” or and “10^-3 u” should be used.

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The Aral Sea Problem is now regarded as one of the serious environmental problems in the world. The decrease in Aral Sea area was caused by irrigated agriculture on a large scale which started in the 1950’s, especially in the Aral Sea basin. As the result, many villages were built in the area and people started production activities such as cotton growing, wheat and vegetables. The gradual climate change over the centuries was accelerated by the ecological disaster of the Aral Sea which took place in the late 20th century in Aral Sea basin, especially in Karakalpakstan. Ground water or river water is the main source of drinking water in this basin. We researched changes in water quality over the period from 2008. In these studies, we compared the trends in EC values of -Darya water and ground water until 2011.

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The National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance in Japan aims to achieve a 50% reduction in the use of broad-spectrum oral antimicrobials (cephalosporins, macrolides, and quinolones) from 2013 to 2020. Based on the national sales data for antimicrobials, we estimated the regional antimicrobial use (

) from 2013–2016 and evaluated the differences in the use of broad-spectrum oral antimicrobials among three regions in which differences had been identified previously. The was standardized based on the defined daily dose (DDD) and described as the DDDs/1,000 inhabitants/day (DID). Annual combined total oral and parenteral during 2013–2016 was 14.9, 14.5, 14.7, and 14.6 DID, respectively. The change in mean ± standard deviation in the total at the prefectural level was – 0.2 ± 0.8 DID. Among the 47 prefectures, decreasing trends were observed in 34, while in the remaining 13 prefectures increasing trends were recorded. In 2016, no significant differences in the mean usage of oral cephalosporins among the three regions were observed. The mean usage of oral macrolides in the eastern (4.1 DID) was significantly lower than that in the central region (4.7 DID) (p = 0.009) and the western (4.8 DID) (p = 0.002). The mean usage of oral quinolones in the western (3.2 DID) was significantly higher than that in the eastern (2.3 DID) (p ＜ 0.001) and central (2.7 DID) (p = 0.001) regions. To determine appropriate targets for the implementation of antimicrobial stewardship for reducting the use of broad-spectrum oral antimicrobials, further studies are required to identify the reasons underlying these differences.

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Calculations for electronic stopping powers has been performed in the cases of protons and alpha particles with energies from 12 keV/ to 10 MeV/ in several solid and gaseous target elements. The statistical procedure presented by Lindhard and Scharff and extended by Bonderup and Ashley et al. is refined in the present work in the respect of taking inner shell correction into account. The calculated results are in good agreement with published experimental data above about 200 keV/.

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正または負電荷を有するミュオンを利用すると，ミュオニウム(0.114

) およびミュオニックヘリウム(4.11 )と呼ばれる軽い水素同位体および重い水素同位体をつくりだすことができる．こうした水素同位体を利用することによって新しい化学研究を展開できる可能性がある．本稿では，これまで行われてきた量子論に基づいたミュオニウム関連分子の理論研究を紹介し，その特異性について解説する．

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This study is focused on Land Use/Land Cover and the water resources assessment in the lower reaches of the

Darya River, vegetation/plant communities, and agrobiodiversity trends under climatic variables. Salt affected irrigated lands in Darya Delta (Karakalpakstan, Khorezm regions and some territories in the northern part of Turkmenistan) make up more than 80%. Access to irrigation water in this region has drastically decreased in the last decades, which caused additional obstacles to tugai forest (wetlands along the river stream) and adjacent territories' productivity. Dryland salinity and associated water supply and its quality are recognized to be among the most severe natural resource degradation problems, which should be addressed accordingly. Overgrowing and silting often lead to the fact that saline water enters the fields and salinizes them repeatedly.

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An ion mobility/mass spectrometer that incorporates a drift tube and a quadrupole mass analyzer has been developed for the purpose of identifying ion species in the experiments of ion-induced nucleation and also in the ambient tropospheric air. Total ion mobility spectra, mass spectra, and mass-resolved mobility spectra were measured for positive ions aged for 20-30 ms in the laboratory air. The results showed that NH₄⁺ (H₂O)n were dominant ions and were responsible for the most intense ion peak (1.66×10^-4m²V^-1s^-1) in total ion mobility spectra. Protonated dimethylamine (46 ) and protonated pyridine (80 ) were also found in the mass spectra along with several unidentified ions (135, 149, 152, 279 ). Mass-resolved mobility spectra of ions other than NH₄⁺ (H₂O)n appeared to reflect changes in the ion composition within the drift tube, indicating that information on ion-molecule reactions in the drift tube can be obtained from analysis of mass-resolved mobility spectra.

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Stopping powers of Al and Ni for ³⁵Cl and ¹²C ions have been measured by means of low temperature calorimetric technique. The energies of ions are 2.83–5.14 MeV/ for Cl ions in Ni, 7.00–8.75 MeV/ for C ions in Ni, and 3.34–4.09 MeV/ for Cl ions in Al. The experimental results have been compared with other measurements, semi-empirical tabulations and theoretical calculations. The Bethe formula with the Z₁³ correction term and the Bloch correction term Provides the best fit to the experimental data.

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A Heavy Ion cosmic ray Telescope (HIT) has been scheduled to be launched into the synchronous orbit in 1993 aiming to observe elemental and isotopic composition of solar energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays. In this paper, we report the results of accelerator beam experiments of a prototype model of HIT. The telescope consists of two dimensional Position Sensitive Detectors (PSDs) and energy loss detectors (PIN type and Li-drifted type). The mass resolution was 1.1 in FWHM for 110 MeV/n pure iron (⁵⁶Fe) beam. By exposing HIT to beams consisting of various nuclides produced by the projectile fragmentation process in a reaction induced by ⁵⁶Fe beam, we confirmed that the secondary elements from ₁₆S to ₂₅Mn were clearly separated and that also the isotopes were separated for each elements lighter than ₂₂Ti. The observed mass resolution was 0.57 , 0.66 and 0.82 in FWHM for ₁₈Ar, ₂₀Ca and ₂₂Ti, respectively. We can conclude that the HIT has good prospects of enough ability for our current purpose in space observation.

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Experimental cross sections are presented for the ionization of K-shells of beryllium in collision with heavy ions and proton; C⁺, N⁺, O⁺, Ne⁺ and Ar⁺ for bombarding energy ranging from 0.3 to 30 keV per , while that for protons is 10 to 200 keV per . Proton data show good agreement with the prediction for Coulomb excitation of K-shell electrons. The date for heavy ions are several orders of magnitude larger than that for proton. These results are understood in terms of pseudomolecule formation and crossings of molecular orbitals during the collisions. Heavy ion cross sections show the trend to converge to the theoretical Coulomb excitation cross sections in high energies above about 10 keV per .

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