In Middle Egyptian grammar, the construction known as the emphatic construction is a construction with a focalized adverbial adjunct. Two models have been proposed for the syntactic structure of this construction: the adverbial-sentence model (ASM) of H. J. Polotsky and the nominal-sentence model (NSM) of J. P. Allen.
Ex. sḳdd t3 ḫft wḏ=k (Peas. B1 298-299)
It is according to your command (ḫft wḏ=k) that the land sails (sḳdd t3).
ASM: S ⇒ [sḳdd t3]_NP [ḫft wḏ=k]_AdvP
NSM: S ⇒ [sḳdd t3 ḫft wḏ=k]_NP
(AdvP=adverbial phrase; NP=noun phrase)
Although ASM has a very great influence on current research, the guestion of the relative merits of the two remains controversial. This paper treats this problem through a new approach. It compares these two models and two focus constructions in Japanese: (a) the “wa” cleft sentence corresponding to ASM and (b) the “no da” in-situ focus construction corresponding to NSM. The above sentence can be translated into Japanese in the following ways:
ASM: kokudo-ga koukou suru na-wa,

anata

-no meirei ni shitagatte da.
 land-NOM sailing do NOMP-TOP you-GEN command to according COP
NSM: kokudo-wa,

anata

-no meirei ni shitagatte koukou sum no da.
 land-TOP you-GEN command to according sailing do NOMP COP
(COP=copula; GEN=genitive; NOM=nominative; NOMP=nominalizing particle; TOP=topic)

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A feminism comic book “Shinkirari” is a fine piece of work which gives a vividdescription of how a common housewife becomes a determined, independent woman. In this thesis, the problems of conjugal relations under the yoke of gender are investigated with “Shinkirari” as a text from the point of what a husband calls his wifeand how this type of labelling changes.
Chiharu Yamakawa is a housewife in her earlythirties. Her husband is a typical male chauvinist of the apres-guerre generation. Hisown reason tells that men and women are equal, but he finds it hard to clearly imaginethat his wife also has her own dreams and goal in life. He takes it for granted thata house wife be unconditionally subordinate to her husband who works outside andmakes the money. As a natural result, he speaks to Chiharu in a peremptory tone andcalls her “Omae”. As the personal pronoun for the second person in Japanesere alistically represents human relations, what a Japanese couple call each other in sucha way that a husband calls his wife “Omae” and a wife calls her husband “”is in general obviously unbalanced and explicitly demonstrates that the couple are byno means on an equal footing. Chiharu calls her husband “” too, but starts tohave doubts about her position in marriage and begins to complain about her husband'sconduct. She also starts to feel negative towards her husband calling her “Omae”, as“Omae”-a word that holds a person in contemptcan lead to discourse that naturallycontains the feelings of disdain, jeer, unconcern, and ridicule of the counterpart. Chiharu makes up her mind to open a shop. Naturally, her husband is stronglyopposed to her going into business, but finds that Chiharu now has determine dresolution and gradually admits that he has to give way. From that time on, theexpression he uses to call her changes from “Omae” to “Kimi” which implies that therelationship between the two has now turned to be more equal. Chiharu's shop getsgoing and she turns a tidy profit, far beyond her husband's imagination. One evening, he speaks his mind to her, “Honestly speaking, I feel afraid to see you standing onyour own two feet. I can't help but think that you will not need me any more someday.” His remarks indicate the fact that the Japanese man and wife are connected witheach other only for reasons of economy, that at least men think their conjugal statusis maintained in such a way, and that they do not realize how much their wives arethirsty for a more spiritual relationship. The stronger economically turns out to be themaster in marriage. The relations are clearly demonstrated in the language used. Thestatus quo will be maintained as long as the language is used and reproduced in thenext generation. We can say, therefore, that the way a man refers to his wife is nolonger merely a word.

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This paper examines a decadeʼs worth of May Reading Survey conducted by the School Library Association in Japan annually,collecting the data as “free reading.” Also collected are data of books for “thinking” accepted at the national reading report competition co-organized by the association and the Mainichi Newspapers Co.,Ltd.and studied in this paper by dividing these into fiction and non-fiction books. The data collected present the history of school childrenʼs reading activities,show the selection of books preferably to be read by school children for a long time to come,as well as serving as a reference for school libraries when choosing books.

Of books to be read for “thinking” by school children of younger grades in primary schools,Satchan No Maho

No Te was the most selected fiction title,while Fabreʼs Book of Insects was the most selected non-fiction title. On the

other hand,as free reading books,the Harry Potter series is the most read by school children of higher grades in primary schools,while books for “thinking” saw Happy Birthday as the most selected fiction title and Gotai Fumanzoku (No

Oneʼs Perfect) as the most selected non-fiction title. In the case of junior high school students,the Harry Potter series

was also the most read as free reading,while Natsu no Niwa was the most read fiction book for “thinking” and Dakara

Mo Ikinuite (So Can You) was the most read non-fiction book for “thinking.” The Harry Potter series is also

the most read as free reading among senior high school students,while books most read for “thinking” were the fiction

Ningen Shikkaku (No Longer Human) and non-fiction Dakara

Mo Ikunuite.

In the decade since 2000,the greatest achievement in book reading at schools was the establishment of morning reading at junior high schools,with about half of all schools implementing it daily in 2009.

Notable works read by junior and senior high school students have been those written by Kiyoshi Shigematsu,Risa Wataya, and Kazuo Aoki. On the other hand, we wish to further recommend works by Keigo Higashino, Hideo Yokoyama,and Takeru Kaido for free reading.

Future issues will be to include manga books as part of the morning reading,the reading of natural science books among junior and senior high school students,as well as further promoting of morning reading at the senior high school level.

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