Micro-tensile properties of electrolytic copper film 18 μm thick was measured by test. The copper film in pressure window 10 mm long and 2.5 mm wide was pressurized by the testing system developed in this study, and the out-of-plane biaxial deformation of the film was measured by micro-ESPI(Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometric) system. The interferometric speckle patterns corresponding to the out-of-plane strain of the film with pressure levels were quantitatively analyzed with the phase-shifting technique. From the unwrapped phase map of the bulged film, the 3-dimensional deformation of the film was calculated, From the deflection-pressure relation experimentally obtained, the stress-strain curve of the film could be determined. Biaxial modulus of the film at the unloading steps was defined and Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio were determined.

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Kinetocardiogram (KCG) is considered to reflect the ventricular movement. Consequently, the usefulness of KCG as a noninvasive method for examining the ventricular movement was studied in 101 cases with myocardial infarction, 22 with congenital heart diseases, 67 with valvular diseases, 3 with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS), 3 with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), and 40 with hypertension.
In KCG, a normal systolic inward movement produces a downward deflection, while an abnormal systolic outward movement, such as a seen in myocardial infarction, produces an upward deflection. Systolic bulges were present in 75% of acute myocardial infarction, and 52.8% of old infarction when recorded more than 1 month after the attack.
Left ventriculography (LVG) was carried out in 15 cases of myocardial infarction. Six patients showing bulges in KCG revealed dyskinesis, akinesis or hypokinesis in LVG. Four cases, in which LVG revealed dyskinesis or akinesis, showed bulges in KCG. Cases of infarction having bulges showed an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume and a decrease in ejection fraction.
In KCG recorded within 2 months after the attack, all 10 patients without bulges showed a favorable course. About half of the cases with 2 to 4 bulges had a favorable course, but the other half were suffering from post-infarction angina. Almost all the patients having more than 5 bulges died. The course was favorable in all patients without bulges or with only one in KCG recorded more than 1 year after the attack, but most of the patients with more than 2 bulges were suffering from post-infarction angina, myocardial reinfarction, or congestive heart failure. Some of them died.
Systolic outward movements, i. e. -like movements, were also seen in various other heart diseases; 36.4% of congenital heart diseases, 58.2% of valvular diseases, 33.2% of IHSS, 100% of PPH, and 47.5% of hypertension.
-like movements were seen in all patients with mean pulmonary wedge pressure of more than 25 mmHg, who also showed right ventricular hypertrophy ECG pattern. Cardio-thoracic ratio in patients with -like movements was significantly greater than those without them. Th e incidence of left ventricular hypertrophy ECG pattern was higher in patients with -like movements than those without them.
It is concluded that KCG is useful to assess the clinical course and prognosis of myocardial infarction and to evaluate the pathophysiology of other heart diseases. -like movements can easily be differentiated from myocardial infarction by taking into consideration its location together with clinical signs and symptoms.

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The bottom plate of aboveground oil storage tanks usually bulges, separating from the foundation due to welding deformation. When such is subjected to liquid pressure, it deforms continuously to make contact with the foundation from the edge, and the remaining area of the decreases with increasing liquid pressure. As a result, the deformation is extremely localized and plastic strain occurs at the . In evaluation of the suitability for continued service, permissible is given by API Standard 653. However, there are few studies concerning this . This paper presents plane strain finite element analysis for the localized bottom in aboveground oil storage tanks. Load-incremental, elastic-plastic large deformation analysis is carried out considering contact with the foundation. The relationship of the plastic strain at the bulged bottom plate to the liquid pressure are discussed together with the bulged deformation. After the center of the makes contact with the foundation, the stress and strain do not increase with increasing liquid pressure. In addition, the permissible bulged profile specified by API Standard 653 elastically deforms to make contact with the foundation under low liquid pressure.

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The Rankine source method is applied for improving the hull form of a fisheries research vessel. The vessel should be enlarged lengthwise. Furthermore, a and a bulbous bow will be added. Effects due to these modifications on the wave making resistance are highlighted. The decreases hull resistance and the physical reason is discussed. The method of optimizing form is proposed and finally an improved hull form with optimized is offered.

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In this paper the large plastic deformations of thin elliptical and rectangular metal diaphragms being edge-clamped and bulged by hydrostatic pressure are calculated, using the incremental finite element method which was formulated by the authors. The predictions are obtained in terms of the pressure - central height relation, the pressure - polar thickness strain relation, strain distributions on the major and minor aces of diaphragm, and strain path and stress path at the pole of diaphragm. In general, theoretical predictions are reasonably in agreement with the experimental results of aluminium sheet.

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Polar body formation is an extremely unequal cell division. In order to understand the mechanism of polar body formation, morphological changes at the animal pole were investigated in living oocytes of the starfish, Asterina pectinifera, and the amounts of cortical actin filaments were quantitatively estimated after staining the maturing oocytes with fluorescently-labeled phallotoxins using a computer and image-processing software. Formation of a , which is presumed to become a polar body, and the anaphase separation of chromosomes occurred simultaneously. When the became large, one group of chromatids moved into the . The dividing furrow then formed and finally a polar body formed. Just at the time of formation, the intensity of the fluorescence produced by the actin filaments at the top of the animal pole began to decrease, and subsequently the intensity at the top fell to half of the original value. On the other hand, the fluorescence intensity at the base of the increased gradually. This actin accumulation at the base created a dividing furrow around the top of the animal pole as the grew. Even when the polar body formation was inhibited mechanically, a similar pattern of actin deficiency and accumulation in the cortex near the animal pole was observed. This indicates that such regulation of filamentous actin can take place without bulging. Therefore, polar body formation is initiated by the bulging of the cortex weakened by actin deficiency and followed by contraction of the base of the reinforced by actin accumulation.

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At the middle portion of the Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line, two lines of bulges(pressure ridges) are formed, trending parallel to the faults. The internal structure and sedimentary facies of the western tectonic were examined to reveal the geologic processes of forming the in Wakamiya, Fujimi town, Nagano Prefecture. The tectonic forms anticline and its western flank is displaced by some faults with low angle striations. Together with the these features, this bulges shows a positive flower structure, formed by left-lateral faulting. The clast composition and sedimentary facies demonstrates that the formation of western tectonic is later than the eastern one. Judged by the deformation of volcanic ash(Pm-I), the Wakamiya tectonic was formed since 100,000yr. BP.

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We investigate long wave instability of the mode on a free liquid sheet subject to a temperature difference between both surfaces. Considering the temperature dependence of the surface tension and viscosity, we derive linear evolution equations for the mode under the membrane approximation. The temporal and spatial instabilities of the mode are mainly examined for the temperature difference |ΔΘ|. It is shown that there exist two critical temperature differences ΔΘ_c and ΔΘ_s. For |ΔΘ|>ΔΘ_c, the sheet becomes unstable for both instabilities, where the sheet remains stationary for the temporal instability, while oscillatory for the spatial instability. On the other hand, when |ΔΘ| varies across ΔΘ_s, the sheet becomes oscillatory from stationary but remains stable for the temporal instability. Furthermore, it is shown for both instabilities that the increase of the temperature dependence of viscosity stabilizes the sheet.

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The structure of the outer intermittent region of non-equilibrium turbulent boundary layers disturbed by injection and suction through a slit is investigated experimentally. Conditional sampling and averaging are used to generate mean and fluctuating components for the turbulent and non-turbulent zones of fluid. Further, space-time correlation is measured. The main results are summarized as follows : The center of intermittency moves outward from the wall, and the width of the intermittent zone decreases by the effect of injection. In the case of suction, the reverse characteristics, compared with injection, are observed. There exists a circulatory flow inside the turbulent . This result is consistent with that of an equilibrium turbulent boundary layer. On the basis of the experimental results, a conceptual explanation for the development of the boundary layer and wall shear stress is presented.

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Formerly, the authors analyzed non-uniform plastic deformation of a cylinder that was caused by friction on cylinder-tool interface in axial compression, using the calculus of variation. In this report, shape of , deformation in the body, load, distributions of vertical pressure, of tangential stress and of friction coefficient on the cylinder-tool interface, etc. are calculated again, improving the former method of calculation. Next, various experiments are performed to prove the theoretical results, and to get further knowledge about friction. The experimental results agree qualitatively with the theoretical ones. As the result, it becomes clear that double yields when height of the cylinder is large, that distribution of pressure is much affected by its height, that friction coefficient increases from the center to the edge, that friction coefficient can be investigated both by oblique type pin method, by measuring contact ratio of the surface, etc.

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The global conformation of long RNA molecules containing or internal loop are typically not well characterized by conventional NMR methods that rely on NOE-derived short-range distance restraints and J-coupling derived torsion angle restraints. Recently, residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) that provide long-range angular information are being used for structure determination of bio-molecules including RNAs. In this study, RDCs were used for structural determination of a model RNA including , and the effect of RDCs on the structure determination was analyzed. The global structure of the model RNA was improved by the refinement with RDCs. Furthermore, the local structure of the was significantly improved, despite RDCs in the region were not included in the refinement. Thus, it was clearly shown that the RDC refinement was valuable for the structure determination of RNAs containing or internal loop.

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The mechanism of the formation of an internal appearing as a local increase in wall thickness in the slip casting of large potteries was investigated to prevent occurrence of cracks in dried green bodies. Because it is not easy to observe moisture suction and deposition inside a plaster mold, a simple plate mold was used in the experiment. Moisture suction in the joining region during the casting was enhanced by breaking the alignment of particles due to the collision between the fronts of the slurry; thus, the wall thickness in the joining region increased owing to the acceleration of the growth of deposit. An internal was formed by the difference in the growth of deposits between the joining and peripheral regions. It was found in the slip casting of a model washbasin that the occurrence of internal is prevented by vibrating the plaster mold during the pouring of the slurry.

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Mechanical properties under uniaxial and equi-biaxial tensions are examined for electronic copper foils and sheets ranging from 5 μm to 1 mm in thickness. A hydraulic microbulge test applicable to very thin metal foils is proposed for the equi-biaxial tension, and its validity is confirmed by computer simulation based on the Bassani yield function. The yield stresses in both the uniaxial and equi-biaxial tensions are dependent on the grain size, but not on thickness. The conventional yield criteria are shown to be applicable to very thin foils as well as to sheets with usual thickness. However, the fracture behavior varies according to the thickness, and the limit strain and ductility become markedly low for very thin foils.

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For the development of the miniaturized mechanical tests, an attempt has been made to apply a TEM disk 3 mm in diameter to the test, and its feasibility for the neutron-irradiated metals was discussed. The maximum load for the deformation of the disk was well correlated with the tensile strength by one of the two straight lines for each of ductile and less ductile materials, whose tensile elongation limits were larger than 15% and less than 9%, respectively. The maximum depths for the above two specimen groups were in the two narrow ranges from 0.55 to 0.65 mm and 0.8 to 0.9 mm, respectively, depending on the ductility. The present test-tensile test correlation has been confirmed to be also valid for the neutron-irradiated metals.

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In the metal working, friction force between tool surface and worked material gives large influence in the form of plastic deformation of it. Some kinds of experiments are performed in this report concerning non-uniform deformation of a hollow cylinder caused by friction on the interface in axial compression, in order to verify the theoretical results given in the previous report (part 3 of this series of research). Shape of bulges on both the inner and outer surfaces, load of compression distribution of normal pressure on the interface, etc. are measured in various conditions of lubrication, changing the shape of the hollow cylinder. Furthermore, measured values of friction coefficient agree with both the theoretical results by the finite element method and by Kudo's method.

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Non-uniform deformation of an elastic, strain-hardening circular cylinder in axial compression is analyzed by the finite element method. Deformation is pursued from elastic through partially plastic to totally plastic stages, allowing for the finite deformation or geometrical change of the material coordinates. As the boundary conditions, the experimentally determined values of the slip-ratio which was proposed by the authors are used instead of the conventional friction coefficient. Calculations of 23 cases are performed for various combinations of lubrication and height to diameter ratio. As the result, the followings have become clear: shape of of the free side surface, relation between the load and the compressive strain, distribution of normal pressure and tangential stress together with the friction coefficient on the boundary surface, mean friction coefficient, patterns of appearance, growth of plastic zones, etc. These results are qualitatively in agreement with the theoretical results which were presented in Part 1 of this series of investigation; i.e. the results obtained by applying variational principle. Agreement with the experimental observations is also satisfactory.

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Peen forming has been utilized in the special field of the airplane industry. The authors conceive independently the principle of this process and intend to develop this as a general forming process of sheet metals. Suitable selection of peening conditions such as the diameter or the velocity of a shot enables bulging of a disc and bending of a strip. Successful conditions in these formings depend on the peening energy of a grain of shot and there exist a lower and an upper limit of the energy. When the upper limit is exceeded, the disc sinks and the strip bends in the opposite direction. So, the intended forming cannot be attained. Peening brings about a strengthening through work-handening and a roughening of the products. This process is applied successfully to strong brittle materials which are difficult to form because it has a feature of forming under compressive stresses.

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