Tokyo Metropolitan Government enforced an ordinance of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in 1981. The ordinance prescribes 26 types of development projects including high-rise buildings as they are likely to cause significant adverse effects on the environment. On the other hand, the ordinance amended in 2002 to bring easing of restrictions. Most of the projects of high-rise buildings have been exempt from the objects of the ordinance since then.
The study focuses on the effect of EIA of high-rise buildings. Firstly, we figured out the circumstances behind each amendment of the ordinance. Secondly, the current environmental quality of high-rise buildings in Tokyo central area is investigated. And some cases of the high-rise building EIA projects are discussed to identify the influences of EIA to the original plans. Based on these examinations and analyses, we finally identified the points of the improvements of the current EIA ordinance of Tokyo.

JEL classification: Q51, Q56, R52, R58

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In this study, poetry pieces of 343 students were analyzed and considered with a focus on dialogue. The purpose of this study is to clarify and theorize the "story" in the classroom, connecting the knowledge situated in individual practice with the characteristics and functions of the Japanese language. I consider dialogue in teaching the creation of children's poetry as follows; Dialogue is the interaction with the object, the self-interaction or the interaction with a teacher and students, in the form of questions, answers, and tweets. In other words, teaching poetry writing consists of the conditioning of three types of relationships: between writer and object, between writer and self, and between writer and others. This paper reports on giving titles in poetry writing. It also seeks to clarify that a teacher of dialogue can enhance the world of words for students through five types of : () supplementary material, (2) praise, (3) images, (4) questions, and (5) devices.

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  Among Eugene O’Neill’s dramatic works, there is no other play like Ah, Wilderness! which can be regarded as a domestic comedy receiving a very favorable reception. With respect to this tragedian’s sole comedy, a number of arguments have been put forward among O’Neill scholars. However, little attention has been paid to stylistic analysis on the relation between dialogue and comic effects in the play. Thus, this paper aims to consider Richard’s (the protagonist) personalities and laughable speeches by Sid contributing to the formation of comic effects in the play. Through the stylistic analysis using the linguistic information obtained from the corpus data of the play, this paper deliberates over a pensive but less profound mood in Richard’s speeches functioning as a significant factor in the avoidance of the formation of a tragic atmosphere in the play. Moreover, this paper attempts to shed light on the important factors in Sid’s speeches that are effective in increasing the comic element in the dialogue.

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Ever since its inception, Sufism has had considerable influence in Muslim society, through mystical insights and organizational power. However, it is often thought to have lost its significance in the modern age. The researchers of Sufism have tried to determine and examine the various roles of Sufism in today’s Muslim society. A∆mad Kuftārū, a Naqshbandī Sufi master in modern Syria, reflects the defensive mode of Sufism today. He is also regarded as a successful Sufi master who promotes the value of Sufism in Muslim society. This paper focuses on Kuftārū’s prominence as a Sufi master and clarifies how he has promoted the value of Sufism. Kuftārū’s attitude toward Sufism and his Sufi network are not always oriented to the mainstream discourses of Sufism, but through a certain marginalization of Sufism, he succeeds in bringing recognition to the presence of Sufism as the backbone of his Islamic orthodoxy orientation and various types of social activities. From this point of view, we could say that Kuftārū’s Sufism can be evaluated interpretively and retroactively.

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10章から成る『楞伽経』のうち本体部分といえる第2章から第8章は，世尊と大慧との対話で構成されている．そのうち第2章の冒頭部は以下のような構成となっている．大慧讃仏vv.1–8；〔偈問と偈答〕大慧請問v.9―世尊応諾vv.10–11；百八問vv.12–59－偈答（百八答）vv.60–98；〔百八句〕；〔正宗分〕．

そのうち，百八問と百八答は，一読してわかるように，奇妙な対話となっている．大慧の質問に対して世尊は直接的に回答をすることなく，順序を変えて大慧の質問を繰り返しているのみだからである．しかし，当該箇所を経本体との関連を念頭に検討したところ，以下のような結論を得た．

世尊の回答のうち72–79偈は独特の位置を占め，大慧が聞くべきであった質問と位置付けられる．そして，それは極微に関するもので，『十地経』第八地の記述との関連が予想される．そして，大慧の百八問に対する世尊によるそれ以外の回答（62–71, 80–96）は，どうしてそういうことを聞くのかという，たしなめであると理解される．

一方，世尊が回答していない部分は，経本体で回答されていることがある．「偈頌品」に対応がみられることすらある．

ゆえに，本箇所の意義は従来考えられていたように意味のない質問とその繰り返しではなく，一定程度の構想をもって構成されたものとみられる．

なお，『楞伽経』の注釈者である智金剛（Jñānavajra）は，世尊は62偈から大慧の質問を繰り返したのち，70c偈で，それらは唯心であるという回答を与えていると解釈している．

では，世尊によって偈答でもって回答（繰り返され）され，質問すべきではないとたしなめられた質問の意義は何か．智金剛によれば，大慧の質問の意義は，人々に，主に決択されるべき意味は，一切を包摂する心の法性である真如であると理解させることにある．これは経全体の基調からいって，穏当な解釈であると思われる．

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This paper investigates existing architectural projects and outlines the developing trends in architectural design. Currently, the skyscraper design issues in Taiwan tend to follow two completely different architectural trends: the first is architecture as a symbol of the society, technology and economy. This approach has generated some new struggles in such fields as esthetics and cultural representation. The second approach is the skyscraper as a public characteristic, to which citizens could relate to the physical aspects and usage. By studying typical projects in Taiwan, this paper aims to show that: 1. the Taiwanese skyscraper design trend has changed from an emphasis on technology to formalism, and finally to building image symbolism. 2. In Taiwan the role of architectural symbolism is relatively important, as these new skyscrapers aim to project the essential characteristics of Taiwan social culture. 3. Although skyscrapers are traditionally private buildings they share many important characteristics with the public as a quasi-public character.

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Non-Linguistic Utterances (NLUs) present a potentially useful alternative communication channel between humans and machines. NLUs are potentially cheaper, and easier to implement, and not limited to the constraints of natural language and therefore may be appropriate in situations such as assisting tourists with various language backgrounds and needs. An experiment was done to establish ranges for NLU parameters such as pitch, duration, amplitude, and timbre. Subjects listened to randomly produced NLUs and selected applicable dialogue descriptors from: Positive, Negative, Greeting, Apology, Thanking, Hesitation, Question, Approval, Disapproval, Hushing, None of the Above. Factor analysis yielded 3 major factors, which were labeled as follows: 1) Affirmative vs Negative, 2) Questioning, and 3) Meaningful vs Indeterminate. NLUs with lower pitches, downward pitch patterns, and simpler timbres were found to be more Negative. Those with upward pitch patterns were more likely to be identified as a Question. In future work, experiments will be used to develop a model of NLU inference and interpretation within a Dialogue in terms of the dominant descriptors and to test the model in applications for tourist support systems.

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The Hyogo Framework for Action, which was adopted in 2005, promotes the creation and strengthening of national platforms designated as national integrated disaster risk reduction (DRR) mechanisms. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (the Sendai Framework) emphasizes the role played by science and technology in DRR decision-making and the importance of the support provided by the international scientific and technological community in DRR. The Global Forum on Science and Technology for Disaster Resilience 2017 (Tokyo Forum 2017) agreed to formulate guidelines supporting national platforms for DRR by efficiently utilizing scientific and technological tools and producing a synthesis report on disaster science and technology. Since each country is attributed the primary responsibility for implementing the aforementioned agreement according to its national needs and conditions, it should develop a mechanism that allows all stakeholders to share information on science and technology for DRR in their own language. Each national platform should review the status and issues of ongoing DRR efforts based on scientific and technological knowledge, enhance multi-sectoral discussion among various stakeholders about how DRR should be implemented in the country, and achieve consensus on the practical measures to be designed and implemented from a macro perspective. This paper defines a series of actions to be performed by the national platform of each country as the “Nation’s Synthesis” and proposes the relevant functions and international cooperation frameworks to be established.

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In this paper we propose a method for generating simple but semantically correct replies to user inputs which are not related to a given task of a task-oriented information kiosk or any other natural language interface placed in a public place. We describe our method for retrieving meaningful associations from the Web and adding modality based on chatlog data. After showing the results of the evaluation experiments, we introduce an implementation of an affect analysis algorithm and pun generator to increase users' satisfaction level.

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吹田市立博物館では、新型コロナに関連する資料の収集を行っている。こうした資料は、次世代の人々が感染拡大の実態を知る上で貴重な歴史資料となる。同館ではまた、新型コロナに関連したミニ展示を開催した。収集資料の一部を展示することで、次なる収集につなげることとともに、コロナ禍が日本や地域社会に何をもたらしたのか、また私たちに何を託したのか、来館者一人一人が、これからの日本のあり方、みずからの生き方を考えるきっかけとしてもらうことを目的としていた。モノからコトへ、というように博物館の社会的役割が変化する時代の中で、モノとともに市民による新型コロナ体験の証言を収集・アーカイブする活動が重要となろう。

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This study investigates which of the Gricean sub-maxims is flouted when manage to-infinitive implicates humor or irony. Conventionally, the target to-infinitive describes that someone has strived to accomplish something to the benefit or credit of him or herself. However, humor or irony is implied when a conventional interpretation would lead to a contradiction; e.g. “Mike managed to upset his mother yet again today. (humorous)” (MED 2002: 855) and “He managed to muddle it (irony)” (COD 1976: 739). The implicature of humor or irony is created when the target to-infinitive describes a situation where a disadvantage or discredit to the person concerned is implied. Ten native speakers of English (henceforth, NSEs) were surveyed to verify the lexicographic explanations. Although the NSEs‟ interpretations of the samples varied, humor or irony was usually found to be invoked when the target structure was used. The conclusions are that flouting the sub-maxims “Do not say what you believe to be false” (Grice 1975: 45) and “Avoid obscurity of expression” (Grice 1975: 45) results in implied humor or irony. This study proposes that the target structure can impose an element of indirectness so that the people who are referred to can save face (Brown and Levinson 1987).

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Theories on self-regulated learning assume that motivational and cognitive variables interact during the learning process. Vollmeyer & Rheinberg’s (1998) model tries to specify the nature of such interactions, so to test that model we had 107 participants learn a linear system. We measured the participants' initial motivation and their ability, then during learning we collected indicators for strategy systematicity, motivational state and knowledge about the system. The final performance was measured as how well the participants could reach given goals. We explored the patterns in learning by running a cluster analysis on the variables recorded during learning. This analysis revealed five types of learners. These learner types differed in which of the motivational and/or cognitive variables collected during learning were the most important determinants of performance.

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