Healing music and Musicotherapy attract attentions recently. They are beginning to be used in the medical treatment. On the other hand there are little practical utilization to relax with video images compared with music. Visual information is said to occupy about the whole of 80% humans receive from five senses. Therefore it has some potential that visual information affects human's mental and physical state as well as aural information does. This paper attempts to investigate the relation between characteristics of video images and mental relaxation. The one of characteristics we focus is motion speed of video images. It is considered that it might correspond to tempo of music. This paper investigates the relaxation effect by using the index calculated by heart rate variability analysis. The experimental results and analysis confirmed that viewing video images might have higher effect of reducing stress than eyes closed state and the relaxation effect might depend on motion speed.

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Purpose: To determine whether or not a sub-Tenon’s capsule injection of triamcinolone acetonide(TA) is an effective treatment for refractory diabetic macular edema after vitrectomy. Methods: Thirty-nine eyes of 26 patients with diabetic macular edema were injected with 20 mg TA into the sub-Tenon’s capsule. The central macular thickness (CMT) measured by an optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual acuities were compared between pre-treatment and 1, 3 months post-treatment. Results: The decrease in the mean CMT between the baseline (435 µm) and 1 month (326 µm) or 3months (303 µm) time points was statistically significant. Seven eyes (70%) at 1 month and 3 months post-treatment in the vitrectomized eyes or PPV(pars plana vitrectomy)(+) group, 15 eyes(52%) at 1 month, and 19 eyes (66%) at 3 months in the non-vitrectomized eyes or PPV(-)group maintained 20% reduction in CMT from pre-treatment with a single injection of TA. The recurrence of macular edema was observed in 1 eye (14%) in the PPV(+)group, and 3 eyes (16%) in the PPV(-)group. Conclusion: The sub-Tenon’s capsule injection of TA was effective for refractory diabetic macular edema after vitrectomy. In addition, it was suggested that the treatment of vitrectomized eyes was more effective than that of non-vitrectomized eyes. J. Med. Invest. 55: 279-282, August, 2008

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[Purpose] This study was performed to investigate the effects of yogic eye exercises on eye fatigue in undergraduate nursing students. [Subjects and Methods] The study used a pretest-posttest design with a non-equivalent control group. Forty undergraduate nursing students were selected by convenience sampling, with 20 assigned to an exercise group and 20 assigned to a control group. The yogic eye exercise intervention was performed for 60 minutes, two days a week for 8 weeks. It consisted of 8 steps: palming, blinking, sideways viewing, front and sideways viewing, rotational viewing, up and down viewing, preliminary nose tip gazing, and near and distant viewing. Eye fatigue was measured using a questionnaire for evaluating ocular fatigue. [Results] The exercise-group measurements revealed a significantly decreased eye-fatigue score compared with that of the control group. [Conclusion] These findings indicate that yogic eye exercises could reduce the eye fatigue score in undergraduate nursing students.

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To investigate the visual influence on postural control in the elderly, standing pressure distribution was analyzed using a photoelastic method in 38 subjects from 19 to 78 years of age. Body sway movement was also analyzed using a force-platform analysis device in 80 subjects from 2 to 69 years of age. The photoelastic method was comprised of a 450mm × 450mm sized standing platform, an imaging system, and a loading device. Contact pressure on the loading device was visualized as a sharply defined circular ring. When their eyes were closed, the position of the center of contact pressure distribution (CCP) between their feet and the floor surface was shifted significantly backwards in people in their 70's, whereas it was shifted forwards in those aged less than 60 years. Body sway velocity became most stable in subjects in their 40's, with their eyes closed, whereas it increased rapidly and became unstable in elderly people in their 70's with their eyes closed. These results suggest that standing posture is controlled by the central nervous system in human, which matures in the 40's and becomes unstable in people aged 70 years and over. Thus, central postural aging and osteoporosis could explain why elderly people tend to fall often and fracture bones. Therefore, sufficient light at night or cataract surgery, which improves visual input for elderly people, is necessary to prevent accidents related to fall and bone fractures.

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Congenital nystagmus can be divided into five types : jerky, pendular, pendular-jerky, latent and periodic alternating. We examined 28 patients with congenital nystagmus from 1987 to 1992 and analysed the results of ENGs recorded with open, closed, open in the dark and during eye tracking and optokinetic pattern testing. Eleven patients had jerky, 6 had pendular, 8 had pendular-jerky, 2 had latent, and 1 had periodic alternating nystagmus.

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[Purpose] This study aimed to examine the effects of a visual feedback obtained from a mirror on balance ability during quiet standing in patients with stroke. [Subjects] Fifteen patients with stroke (9 males, 6 females) enrolled in the study. [Methods] Experimental trials (duration, 20s) included three visual conditions ( closed, open, and mirror feedback) and two support surface conditions (stable, and unstable). Center of pressure (COP) displacements in the mediolateral and anteroposterior directions were recorded using a force platform. [Results] No effect of condition was observed along all directions on the stable surface. An effect of condition was observed on the unstable surface, with a smaller mediolateral COP distance in the mirror feedback as compared to the other two conditions. Similar results were observed for the COP speed. [Conclusion] Visual feedback from a mirror is beneficial for improving balance ability during quiet standing on an unstable surface in patients with stroke.

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動揺する船舶の甲板上で開脚,閉脚,マンの姿勢,片足などの直立姿勢を取っている人の身体動揺を実測した。測定結果を頭部および重心のパワースペクトル,重心の動揺軌跡,動揺速度の分布,船の揺れと身体の揺れの間の位相差などによって解析し,船体の動きに対する人体の動的応答を調べた。

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Many students study about detecting face and eyes from images. As one of problem detecting , the can't be detected correctly if the face tilts once in a while. Ring-Filter solves the problem.

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare the balance and gait functions of children with Down syndrome and typically developing children according to age. [Subjects and Methods] The subjects were 16 children with Down syndrome and 20 children with typical development. The one leg standing test, Romberg’s test (open

/closed ), sharpened Romberg’s (open /closed ), functional reaching test and GAITRite were used for this study in order to measure the children’s balance and gait function. [Results] The results of this study showed that static-dynamic balance ability, spatio-temporal gait parameters and quality of life were statistically and significantly different in Down syndrome children compared to typically developing children. [Conclusion] These results suggest that the balance and gait ability of typically developing children improves during growth, whereas those of children with Down syndrome remain low despite independent gait. Therefore, constant therapeutic intervention for balance and gait function is necessary after independent gait development in Down syndrome children.

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A new species belonging to the genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877, Chaerilus spinatus sp. n. is described from the Island of Halmahera, Indonesia. Chaerilus celebensis Pocock, 1894, originally described from Luwu, Celebes (Sulawesi) Island, is confirmed as a distinct species and as a possible endemic element to the Celebes. Two species of Chaerilus are at present known to Halmahera, the second one being Chaerilus telnovi Lourenço, 2009.

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PURPOSE: Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma is an uncommon, benign vascular tumor that typically appears in the posterior pole of the eye. Visual acuity loss typically results from its exudation, followed by serous retinal detachment. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and the safety of external beam irradiation in treating circumscribed choroidal hemangioma. METHODS: We treated 4 eyes of 4 patients with circumscribed choroidal hemangioma with external beam irradiation at Okayama University Hospital from 2002 to 2009. A total absorbed dose of 20 Gy (beam energy, 4, 10 MV) was applied to each of the 4 patients. Each patient received a single 2-Gy daily fraction for five consecutive days in a week, for two consecutive weeks. RESULTS: In all cases, the retinal detachment showed complete resolution within 8 to 48 days after treatment. A decrease in tumor thickness was observed in all cases except one in which the follow-up period was rather short (3.7 months). The visual acuity improved in all 4 . No showed deterioration of visual acuity. During follow-up periods of 3.7 months to 58.5 months, there were no signs of radiation-induced cataract, retinopathy or optic neuropathy.

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この属は未だ日本では見られない. 1970年4月, 大熊嬢から同定を依頼され, 当時, 新種として同氏に返書したものである. Erigonidae に属する. 体長 2.60mm (♀), 1.70mm (♂), 頭胸部長1.00mm (♀), 0.80mm (♂), 頭胸部幅 0.75mm (♀), 0.65mm (♂). ♂の頭部の構造と Balb とに特徴があり, ♀は Epigyne に特徴がある (Text figs. 1-5参照).

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[Purpose] The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of unstable support surfaces, i.e. foam pad, mung bean bag, and plastic bead bag, on postural stability disturbance. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty-two healthy young adults (11 male and 11 female; aged 21.09 ± 1.44 years; BMI 20.40 ± 1.40 kg/m²) participated in the study. The Balance Master™ was used to evaluate the limit of stability and the unilateral stance performance. Each participant was assessed while standing on the following surfaces: 1) a firm surface, 2) a foam pad, 3) a mung bean bag, and 4) a plastic bead bag. The order of surfaces was randomly assigned. [Results] The mung bean bag and plastic bead bag showed greater disturbances in limit of stability and unilateral stance than the foam pad. There was no significant difference in postural stability disturbance between the mung bean bag and plastic bead bag. [Conclusion] These results suggested that both the mung bean bag and plastic bead bag could be used as a low-cost tool for balance assessment instead of a foam pad in healthy young adults.

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[Purpose] The purpose of this investigation was to assess whether or not restriction of visual information influences the kinematics of sit-to-stand (STS) performance in children. [Subjects and Methods] Five girls with congenital blindness (CB) and ten healthy girls with no visual impairments were randomly selected. The girls with congenital blindness were placed in one group and the ten girls with no visual impairments were divided into two groups of five, control and treatment groups. The participants in the treatment group were asked to close their eyes (EC) for 20 minutes before the STS test, whereas those in the control group kept their eyes open (EO). The performance of the participants in all three groups was measured using a motion capture system and two force plates. [Results] The results show that the constraint duration of visual sensory information affected the range of motion (ROM), the excursion of the dominant side ankle, and the ROM of the dominant side knee in the EC group. However, only ankle excursion on the non-dominant side was affected in the CB group, and this was only observed in the sagittal plane. [Conclusion] These results indicate that visual memory does not affect the joint angles in the frontal and transverse planes. Moreover, all of the participants could perform the STS transition without falling, indicating; the participants performed the STS maneuver correctly in all planes except the sagittal one.

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Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) induced by Japanese cedar pollens is a substantial problem in Japan. Omalizumab, a novel humanized monoclonal anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody, has already been proven to reduce symptoms associated with SAR. To investigate the safety and efficacy of omalizumab in the treatment of patients with Japanese cedar pollen-induced SAR compared to placebo or anti-allergic drug, two randomized, double-blind studies were conducted in Japan. Omalizumab (150, 225, 300, or 375mg) or placebo was administered subcutaneously every 2 or 4 weeks based on serum total IgE and body weight at baseline. IPD was administered 300mg per day through the season. Primary and all secondary efficacy variable scores were significantly lower in the omalizumab group than in the placebo group (P <.01) and IPD, Th2 cytokine inhibitor group (P <.01). Omalizumab was effective and safe in the treatment of SAR induced by Japanese cedar pollens. And the methods of increasing effects by combining omalizumab with antibody-specific immunotherapy are being considered. These strategy is more effective than immune-therapy alone.

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この研究では糖尿病性網膜症の経過について, まず螢光眼底造影検査の所見から, 特に網膜毛細血管の流通状態を中心に検討を加え, 次の結果を得た。(1)網膜毛細血管網の流通障害の進行は視神経乳頭からの新生血管発生と密接な関係がある。すなわち, 視神経乳頭から6DD(視神経乳頭径)の範囲内で, capillary nonperfusing zone (n.p.z.)が60%以上を占める眼では, この症状が現われる確率が極めて高い。(2)光凝固治療後n.p.z.の一部に血行の回復が認められる。次に検眼鏡的検査の所見から, 片眼のみの水晶体嚢内摘出術を行った症例について検討した結果, 術眼は非手術眼に比べて術後網膜症が悪化しやすいことが判り, 水晶体嚢内摘出術は網膜症を進行させる1つの因子であることが明らかになった。

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study is to evaluate the reliability of linear and nonlinear measures of the center of pressure (COP) during visual deprivation. [Subjects and Methods] Fifteen young adults participated in this study. COP signals were recorded in two conditions: eyes open and eyes closed. Three trials were performed in each condition with a rest period of approximately 1 min. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and standard error of measurement (SEM) were calculated. [Results] The investigation of ICC and SEM between trials showed that the Lyapunov exponent (ICC: 0.76–0.96, SEM: 0.03) and total mean velocity (ICC: 0.71–0.95, SEM: 0.05) were more reliable and repeatable than range and area (95% confidence ellipse), while area had the least reliability (ICC: 0.49–0.77, SEM: 0.56). [Conclusion] The Lyapunov exponent can be considered an appropriate postural control index, and the evaluation of postural stability should be done by considering linear and nonlinear tools.

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In primary open angle glaucoma in the Beagle, the lens luxation is secondary to the gradual enlargement of the globe in the untreated disease. The normal zonules are gradually stretched and eventual tear, usually near their insertion at the lens equator. Two litters of Beagles (3 males/4 females) with inherited glaucoma were evaluated, with four dogs (2 males/2 females) receiving unilateral extracapsular lens extractions at four months of age, and the remaining three dogs (1 male/2 females) serving as the controls. All eyes of the dogs were examined serially by applanation tonometry, gonioscopy, tonography and a-scan ultrasonography. From the control group after euthanasia, the globes and lenses were harvested at 6 (2 lenses), 12 (2 lenses), and 28 (2 lenses) months of age for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The operated dogs were euthanized at 28 months, and all globes and lens were examined by SEM.

The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) began to increase and the tonographic facility of aqueous outflow decreased bilaterally in the four dogs with the unilateral lensectomies and the three nonoperated dogs at about 6 to 8 months of age. In the non-operated fellow eyes, the aphakic crescents associated with the lens subluxation begin to develop when the dogs were 18 month old and axial globe lengths exceeded 21 mm. The lenses remained in the patellar fossa in all dogs at 28 months of age.

The zonules in the pre-glaucomatous Beagle at six months of age appeared normal by SEM. At 12 months and thereafter the zonules appeared to be progressively stretched. In the 28-month-old glaucomatous Beagles (six eyes) focal areas of zonular disinsertation from the periphery of the equatorial lens capsule and zonulary retraction occurred. Zonular transection occurred immediately posterior to the zonular attachments at the lens equator leaving zonular remnants.

Extracapsular lensectomies in these young normotensive Beagles, bred for primary open angle glaucoma, did not prevent nor delay the onset of the disease. The elevation in intraocular pressure, reduction in the facility of aqueous humor outflow (as measured by pneumatonography) and increased axial globe lengths (as measured by a-scan ultrasonography) preceded the gradual stretching and focal disinsertions of the zonules, and subluxation of the lens.

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