An attainable structural resolution of single particle imaging is determined by the characteristics of X-ray diffraction intensity, which depend on the incident X-ray intensity density and molecule size. To estimate the attainable structural resolution even for molecules whose coordinates are unknown, this research aimed to clarify how these characteristics of X-ray diffraction intensity are determined from the structure of a molecule. The functional characteristics of X-ray diffraction intensity of a single biomolecule were theoretically and computationally evaluated. The wavenumber dependence of the average diffraction intensity on a sphere of constant wavenumber was observable by small-angle X-ray solution scattering. An excellent approximation was obtained, in which this quantity was expressed by an integral transform of the product of the external molecular shape and a universal function related to its atom packing. A standard model protein was defined by an analytical form of the first factor characterized by molecular volume and length. It estimated the numerically determined wavenumber dependence with a worst-case error of approximately a factor of five. The distribution of the diffraction intensity on a sphere of constant wavenumber was also examined. Finally, the correlation of diffraction intensities in the wavenumber space was assessed. This analysis enabled the estimation of an attainable structural resolution as a function of the incident X-ray intensity density and the volume and length of a target molecule, even in the absence of molecular coordinates.

抄録全体を表示

 急性期脳主幹動脈閉塞に対する血管内血栓回収術の有効性が多くのランダム化比較試験で示されて以降, わが国においても急速にその需要が高まっている. しかしながら, 本治療の効果は良好な再開通率 (TICI＞2b) と発症からの再開通までの時間に大きく左右され, 血管内治療医の偏在や都市部あるいは地方都市における医療体制の問題など課題は多い. 特に課題となっているのはonset to doorをいかに短縮するかであり, プレホスピタルの時間短縮を目指した試みが展開されている. その中で地域それぞれにおいての現状把握を行い, 行政を含めての医療連携および情報共有システムの構築が必須であることは論をまたない.

抄録全体を表示

This paper addresses the methodology of reduction of air traffic delay based on integer programming problem. It is assumed that each is used as the primary airport for the independent. In this paper, we propose the bi-level structure for optimizing the delay recovery: the upper level is the Aviation Operation Center (AOC), which is controlling the -to- schedule: the lower level is controlled by the Local Operators (LHO), which handle both -to- and -to-spokes schedules. Finally, numerical examples are carried out to show how the proposed method works.

抄録全体を表示

Additive manufacturing (AM) is recognized as a core technology for producing high-value components. The production of complex and individually modified components, as well as prototypes, gives additive manufacturing a substantial advantage over conventional subtractive machining. For most industries, some of the current barriers to implementing AM include the lack of build repeatability and a deficit of quality assurance standards. The mechanical properties of the components depend critically on the density achieved. Therefore, defect/porosity analysis must be carried out to verify the components’ integrity and viability. In parts produced using AM, the detection of unfused powder using computed tomography is challenging because the detection relies on differences in density. This study presents an optimized methodology for differentiating between unfused powder and voids in additive manufactured components, using computed tomography. Detecting the unfused powder requires detecting the cavities between particles. Previous studies have found that the detection of unfused powder requires a voxel size that is as small as 4 μm³. For most applications, scanning using a small voxel size is not reasonable because of the part size, long scan time, and data analysis. In this study, different voxel sizes are used to compare the time required for scanning, and the data analysis showing the impact of voxel size on the detection of micro defects. The powder used was Ti6Al4V, which has a grain size of 45–100 μm, and is typically employed by Arcam electron beam melting (EBM) machines. The artifact consisted of a 6 mm round bar with designed internal features ranging from 50 μm to 1400 μm and containing a mixture of voids and unfused powder. The diameter and depth of the defects were characterized using a focus variation microscope, after which they were scanned using a Nikon XTH225 industrial CT to measure the artifacts and characterize the internal features for defects/pores. To reduce the number of the process variables, the measurement parameters, such as filament current, acceleration voltage, and X-ray filtering material and thickness were kept constant. The VGStudio MAX 3.0 (Volume Graphics, Germany) software package was used for data processing, surface determination, and defects/porosity analysis. The main focus of this study is to explore the optimal methods for enhancing the detection of pores/defects while minimizing the time taken for scanning, data analysis, and determining the effects of noise on the analysis.

抄録全体を表示

In this study, we explore the global shifts in research priorities and strategies with respect to Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) over a period of nearly 3 decades and also look at changes in donor strategies over the same period, with specific reference to Japanese support to PGR work. We conducted a quantitative text analysis based on reports published by Bioversity International, a leader in PGR issues, and looked at changes in the frequency of appearance of certain terms and words over a 22-year period (1998-2020), divided into six phases. Results show that over the period, Bioversity International’s focus transitioned from an emphasis on collection of genetic resources and conservation in genebanks to conservation through sustainable use across generations. This evolved further to “food” -centered approaches. More recently, the emphasis is shifting to “food system” approaches with emphasis on the linkages between agriculture, environment and nutrition. The priority issues of the organization at the different phases are presented. Over the same period, Japanese government investment strategies have shifted from supporting PGR collection work to building capacity of researchers (in both source countries and Japan) and creating more benefits from PGR including nutrition, health and economic benefits to local societies who are the keepers of the PGR. The involvement of Japanese researchers, including the main author, in the various research activities characteristic of the different phases of the transition is presented. In the current global shift towards food systems approaches where the linkage of agriculture, nutrition, and the environment is emphasized, and the involvement of the private sector encouraged, partnerships with resource rich counters will be considered important in PGR activities in the future.

抄録全体を表示

The phosphorus partition (L_P) and phosphate capacity () were measured for TiO₂ bearing basic oxygen steelmaking slags in the CaO–SiO₂–MgO–Fe_tO–(TiO₂–MnO–Al₂O₃–P₂O₅) system at 1650°C. The effect of slag and metal additions were tested by varying the TiO₂ content from 0.0 to 18.0 mass% and the [Ti] content from 0.009 to 0.301 mass%. A recently published L_P model was used to assess the experimental L_P data using the measured slag composition and temperature. Experimental L_P data from this study and literature data were used to modify the published model to include titania.

Increasing the TiO₂ concentration of the slag was found to decrease the L_P and of basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) slags. Capacity values in the range of 2.2×10¹⁶ to 1.5×10¹⁸ at 1650°C were obtained. An empirical model for determining was developed for BOS slags using a large dataset of published slag and pO₂ data for relevant slag systems, including published data for titania bearing slags. The predicted from the empirical model was found to agree with the experimentally determined data from this study.

抄録全体を表示

The phosphorus partition (L_P) and phosphate capacity () were measured for slags in the CaO–SiO₂–MgO–Fe_tO–(MnO–Al₂O₃–TiO₂–P₂O₅) system over temperatures representative of basic oxygen steelmaking. The measured L_P values were found to be in good agreement with those predicted from the model of Assis et al. The oxygen potential of the slag-metal systems studied was also evaluated and used in combination with the measured L_P to calculate the of the slags. Capacity values in the range of 7.77×10¹⁶ to 4.27×10¹⁹ for temperatures 1550°C to 1700°C were obtained.

Correlations of with common measures of slag basicity (v-ratio and optical basicity) were sought and reported. Consistent with other researchers it was found that the L_P and increased with increasing slag basicity and decreasing temperature.

抄録全体を表示

近年，ファッションEC業界の市場規模が成長しており，商品数やECサイトの数も増加しており，出品者の労力は増大している．そこで，アパレルの自動タグ付けなどが行われており，また，一般的なECサイトでは説明文の自動生成も行われている．しかし，ファッションは形状だけでなく，色や雰囲気から得られる情報も重要であることから，国内において説明文を自動生成している例は少ない．そこで，本研究では，出品者の労力軽減のため，ファッションECに特化し，画像から説明文を自動生成するシステムの事例を紹介する．

抄録全体を表示

The softening and melting (SM) under load test is routinely conducted to assess the quality of ferrous burden materials and to predict their possible performance in blast furnace. Due to complex phase interactions coupled with chemical reactions at an elevated temperature range (~973 to 1873 K), the flow dynamics in the test system are quite complex. This study systematically investigates the contraction behaviour and associated pressure drop in a SM test bed for sinter, lump (NBLL, Newman Blend Lump) and a mixture of these two types of ore (21 wt% NBLL + 79 wt% sinter). To quantify the structural changes in a sample bed, interrupted tests at various temperatures were conducted and analysed using both synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (CT) at a lower temperature range (1273 to 1473 K) and neutron CT at a higher temperature (1723 K). It was noted that existing packed bed pressure drop models (Ergun model, 1952, fused bed model, Sugiyama et al., 1980, orifice model, Sugiyama et al., 1980) and modified orifice model, Ichikawa et al., 2015) exhibited divergence in their predictions at higher temperature when the porosity parameter was computed directly from the bed contraction data. To avoid this modelling failure, a growth-decay type porosity-temperature relationship based on extensive SM test data was incorporated in the well-known Ergun equation which estimated reasonable bed pressure drops. Furthermore, a simplified ore specific friction factor model was empirically derived which was also shown to produce reasonable pressure drop predictions for all types of ferrous burden samples.

抄録全体を表示

For initial human activity on the lunar surface, many kinds of supplies will have to be carried from the Earth. Most of the cost of exploring the lunar surface relates to carrying a payload from the Earth to the Moon. Therefore, the authors expect that in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) will be an important key technology. As the first step of ISRU technology demonstration, we produced blocks without any additive materials other than lunar regolith simulant through sintering. In the experiment, to find the best conditions for block production, test pieces were sintered under various conditions such as temperature and holding time. After sintering, a visual inspection and a breaking-strength test were performed. The results of experiments showed that it was possible not only to make large blocks and but also to produce blocks with fine structures by sintering using an appropriate temperature–time profile. It was also confirmed that the blocks had sufficient strength for construction, and the compressive and bending strength are comparable to those of typical concrete blocks used in terrestrial construction. Such blocks are expected to be used as construction materials and radiation shielding at a human outpost. This paper details our technological developments relating to block production from lunar regolith that will enable future lunar surface activities.

抄録全体を表示

In the first report, 3-D linear analysis using a finite-span cascade model was carried out, and it was shown that (1) there are not only 0th-order modes in the spawns direction which correspond to conventional rotating cavitation previously predicted by 2-D linear analysis, but also higher order modes of rotating cavitation and (2) 0th-order modes are weakly influenced by the three-dimensionality of cavitation. The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the effects of the impeller rotation, the ratio, and the three-dimensionality of cavitation on rotating cavitation. Three-dimensional linear analysis using an annular cascade model is carried out based on semi-actuator disk theory. It is found that (1) there are many radial modes of rotating cavitation as previously shown using a finite-span cascade model, and that (2) a larger ratio has the effect of stabilizing rotating cavitation.

抄録全体を表示

The optimum radial distribution for the circulation of the blade element of the annular rotor cascade in concentric cylinder is treated analytically in potential flow and examined by numerical examples. The main contents are as follows : (1) The exact solution is derived for the velocity potential of the helically trailing vortex sheets in concentric cylinders and then treated by asymptotic expansions. (2) An approximate solution is also proposed by the conformal mapping for two-dimensional flow within straight passage with an infinite series of vortex sheets perpendicular to the . (3) The radial distribution of circulation, translational axial velocity and kinetic energy of the trailing vortex sheets are clarified in optimum conditions through some numerical examples and in particular, the and tip clearance effects are discussed concretely. Furthermore the accuracy of the approximate solution is considered from comparisons with the exact one.

抄録全体を表示

International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) has a long history of collaboration with Japanese institutions to develop improved crop varieties and adopt agricultural technologies with pioneering approaches for farmers’ benefit. Since 1972, Japan has enjoyed a long history of successful cooperation with the CGIAR (formerly the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) after becoming its 22nd Member to meet global challenges such as climate change affecting agriculture and food systems in diplomacy through Japan’s advanced science and technology. This long-standing collaboration adopts agricultural technologies developed in Japan and promotes agricultural innovation through cutting-edge technologies such as remote sensing for Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) that will provide novel solutions to the agriculture and food sectors in the tropics. Nowadays, it is presumed that this approach to data-driven agriculture realization will help establish a sustainable agroecosystem with increased agricultural productivity and sustainability by adapting or mitigating the effects of climate change and efficient use of natural resources and establishing a sustainable food value chain. This review highlights the research collaborations and new opportunities on advanced breeding technologies and digital innovations towards data-driven agriculture. In conjunction, we present a potential collaborative research between CIAT and Japan, prioritizing the current and future challenges in agriculture and food systems.

抄録全体を表示

This paper evaluates the performance of a supplier which supplies key components to neighboring manufacturers. The system is proposed by a third-party logistics provider that imports, stores and delivers glass panels on behalf of an international supplier. Under an information-sharing initiative, the can access inventory information of two major manufacturers and is responsible for making all replenishment decisions for the supplier. To evaluate the new proposal, we develop a multi-objective swarm optimization algorithm incorporating a simulation program and Kriging forecasts to identify non-dominated solutions that constitute the trade-off curve between fill rate and total inventory. Results suggest that the information-sharing initiative dominates existing operations if manufacturers prefer a very high fill rate or delivery times from the supplier to the are long.

抄録全体を表示

Swaging process is studied through a 2-D axisymmetric finite element model with non-linear material models and allowing large deformation. The effects of major baseplate geometrical parameters are studied for the case of a single actuator arm with two suspensions. Linear regression model is established to quantify the important output variables. The linear regression model provides a clear understanding of the effects of dimensions.

抄録全体を表示

Systems biology predicts that some properties result from altered relationships between components. Systems radiation biology asks not only how radiation affects specific components (i.e. cells) but also how these alterations affect interactions that maintain tissue integrity. While radiation can alter genomic sequence as a result of DNA damage, it can also induce signals that alter multicellular interactions and phenotypes that underpin carcinogenesis. Our previous studies characterized the composition of irradiated mouse tissues, identified transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ) as a key cytokine activated by radiation, and developed novel models of radiation effects in both mice and cultured human epithelial cells. This presentation will focus on how TGFβ regulates the intrinsic DNA damage response, tissue composition and the carcinogenic effects of low dose radiation. Rather than being accessory or secondary to genetic damage, we propose that radiation induced signaling via TGFβ creates the critical context for cancer development.
Research funded by US DOE Low Dose Radiation Program
and NASA Specialized Center of Research

抄録全体を表示

This paper looks at the relationship between airline alliance and building of airport and analyzes the strategic effects of airline alliances when alliance members want to build their base airport to a . In this paper we introduce the basic concepts and characteristics of airline alliance and some indispensable features of the airport, and discuss the key factors for building airport. Finally we present a model of air china entry into star alliance, and try to explain the effects of alliance to Beijing capital's international airport. We can conclude that the alliance is of positive factor to the construction of an airport . Several major airlines in China will join the international airline alliance, so their bases airports should seize the opportunity to develop.

抄録全体を表示

 This paper discusses the feasibility of high-performance NHV propeller whose blade area is decreased by 20％ compared to a normal NHV propeller without the risk of cavitation erosion and increasing pressure fluctuations, and presents the results of experiments and numerical computations of an NHV propeller with the smallest blade area (SBA-NHV propeller) and an equipped conventional propeller for a 749GT chemical tanker.
  In recent studies conducted by the authors, a propeller with a blade area 20% smaller than that of aconventional propeller offered an improvement of about 2% in propeller efficiency with an almost equivalent risk of cavitation erosion and pressure fluctuations in model tests. In order to improve propeller efficiency by decreasing the propeller blade area, four propellers were designed whose blade areas were decreased systematically. An SBA-NHV propeller with a blade area 20% smaller than that of the conventional propeller was designed. Three four-bladed propeller models including the conventional propeller, the above-mentioned SBA-NHV propeller, and the propeller with each blade having a different blade area ratio were manufactured.
  Propeller open tests and self propulsion tests were carried out in the towing tank and cavitation observations were made with a high speed video camera, erosion paint tests and fluctuating pressure measurements were carried out in the cavitation tunnel using these three propeller models. The SBA-NHV propeller attained improvements of about 1.3% and about 3% in the propeller efficiency and in the propulsive efficiency, respectively, compared with those of the conventional propeller. The effects of decreasing the blade area ratio on the risk of cavitation erosion and the pressure fluctuations were confirmed and the SBA-NHV propeller demonstrated an almost equivalent performance with that of the conventional propeller. To validate existing numerical tools, propeller efficiencies and cavitation patterns were numerically simulated by a lifting surface theory (LST) and a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes solver (RANS). The LST and RANS need to be modified to predict the effect of the blade area ratio etc. on the propeller efficiency. Meanwhile, these are found useful as design tools to evaluate the risk of cavitation erosion even though further improvements are still necessary.

抄録全体を表示