Changes of temperature in blood collected with ACD-solution (Formula B) in 250cc bottles were observed by a thermo-couple potentiometer
1) in collection bottles were cooled in an - of 4-6°C prior to the bleeding and in those not previously cooled, and
2) in the collection bottles were immediately immersed in an ice-water pan prior to - storage and in those without such preliminary cooling.
In addition the author also investigated the time during which blood was kept at the temperature above 10°C, and concluded that the cooling effect of immersing the blood bottle in ice-water was striking for rapid cooling while the cooling of the blood bottle prior to the blood collection had little and rather negligible effect.

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(1) Introduction.
In considering the heat balance in the atmosphere, it is very important to know the exact value of the reflecting power of the atmospheric radiation by the sea surface, which covers about three fourthes of the area of the whole surface of the earth. Thus, in this preliminary paper, we shall report the method and the result of the measurement, though it is as yet rough. The measurement was done at the seashore of Tôkyô Bay in the last spring.
(2) Method of observation.
As a matter of course, it is desirable to measure the reflection of the atmospheric radiation directly, but it being so difficult, owing to the change of the state of the sky, that some artificial heat source was provisionally used in this observation.
In the figure^*, H is this heat source. It is warm water contained in a chemical flask, the diameter of which is 13.3cm. The surface of the flask was blackened with lamp-black so as to emit black body radiation corresponding to the temperature of the warm water. It is apparent that the energy _??_stribution with respect to the wave length of the radiation emitted from this artificial heat source is different from that of the actual atmospheric radiation, but as the temperature of the water is in the interval between 50°-100°C, it is supposed that the result obtained by the artificial heat source holds for the atmospheric radiation also.
In the same figure, M is a parabolic mirror which was spattered by alluminium in order to reflect the heat radiation almost perfectly. Diameter of the mirror is 30cm. and the focal length is 15cm.
J is a thermojunction of the compensation type, the surface of which is blackened with lamp-black, and G is a galvanometer, inner resistance of which is 11.4 ohm, critical damping resistance 13 ohm, period 4.8 second, and sensitivity 4×10^-9 A and 1.0×10^-7 V.
The thermojunction and the mirror were installed in a wooden box. The aperture of this box was so designed that it is somewhat smaller than the solid angle which subtends the - I, explained below, at the thermojunction as vertex at 25 meter distance from this -, and hence the radiation of the sky around this - was perfectly shaded when the heat source was screened by this -.
The glass, as is well known, is not transparent to the heat radiation, so that the window of the bulb of the thermojunction facing the mirror was made of rock-salt which is known to be transparent to heat radiation in the wave length interval of the atmospheric radiation under consideration. Unfortunately, the rock-salt is apt to deliquesce and looks dim by the vapour in the atmosphere, so that the surface of this rock-salt window was coated by a thin film of polystirol which is very transparent to heat radiation also.
As the zero point of the deflection of the galvanometer, the reading of the scale when the - I was set just in front of the heat source was used. The heat source was thus perfectly screened.
This - I was made of tin-plate, the size of which is about 75×75cm., and it was filled with smashed ice. The outer surface of it was painted with zinc-black so as to emit the black radiation corresponding to the temperature 273°C.

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From fresh placentas were isolated three itinsulfuric acids most probably containing acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid as sugar components. One of them was proved to play no role in inducing pregnancy toxemia.
Through the Grant Committee for Scientific Researches the Ministry of Education gave a grant in aid to us, which is gratefully acknowledged. H. Masamune.

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The above experiment concerns the milk from only one lactant with a healthy growing infant. The experiment should be extented to more lactants, I admit, but it is very difficult to repeat such a systemmatic experiment with more lactants. From my experiment the following can be stated:_??_
1. A sample of fresh human milk with such an intensity as _??_^*1', _??_^** 1'or _??_ ^*** 2'of Arakawa's reaction will keep the same or almost the same intensity as long as 8 hours, even if left to itself in summer time. Samples of human milk with weaker Arakawa's reactions will begin to show a change of the intensity of reaction from the 5th hour on.
2. If a sample of fresh human milk is kept in an , it will show the same intensity of Arakawa's reaction, even if tested as late as 8 hours after obtaining.

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A new amino acid ‘gigartinine’ was isolated from the red alga, Gymnogongrus flabelliformis, by means of ion-exchange resin, Dowex 50 (ammonium form). From the analytical data, color reactions, decomposition products and other evidences, it was identified as N⁵-(amidinocarbamoyl)-L-ornithine or L-α-amino-δ-(guanylureido) valeric acid.

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The authors have succeeded in preserving leptospirae for 2 years by the application of the ordinary freeze-drying method. No change of pathogenicity and serological characters could be recognized after preservation.

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We studied the resistance of the red blood cells of 12 healthy domestic animals (horses, cattle, swine. sheep and goats) respectively by the same method and under the same conditions. As examination method we took Hamburger's method in the essential points, modified slightly as conditions demanded. The blood was taken from the jugular vein in all the animals except swine, in which the blood was taken in a slaughter house directly from the aorta (it consists chiefly of arterial blood). We prepared the NaCl-solutions from 0.33 to 0.78% differing by 0.01% respectively with sodium chloride (Merck). The process of our examination is as follows: 5c.c. NaCl-solutions were put into each of the centrifugal tubes pointed at the bottom and two drops of the defibrinated blood which had been kept in an - for one hour beforehand, were put into the NaCl-solution in the tubes with the same pipette and then well mixed and put in an - for three hours. Then the tubes were taken out from the - and all put in the centrifuge for five minutes and the results were read.
1. The results of the foregoing experiments are summarized in the following table:
2. The minimum resistance. The horses show the greatest resistance and resistance decreases in this order catte, swine, sheep and goats. Swine show the greatest individual differences and goats, sheep, cattle and horses less in order. In general the minimum resistance is proportional to the size of the erythroeytes and in inverse ratio to the erythrocyte number.
3. The maximum resistance. The cattle show the greatest resistance and resistance decreases in this order horses, swine, sheep and goats. Goats and sheep show the greatest individual differences and swine, horses and cattle less in order. Generally the maximum resistance is also proportional to the size of the red corpuscles and inversely proportional to the number of the erythrocytes.
4. The resistance-width. On the whole the swine show the greatest and goats and sheep the next and cattle and horses the smallest. On the average the goats show the largest and in the next come swine, sheep and cattle while horses the smallest.
5. In short, in the resistance of erythrocytes, cattle and horses rank first showing hardly any difference, swine are intermediate while sheep and goats show the least resistance.

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By allowing crystals or alcoholic solution of vitamin D₂ to stand in air at a room temperature, 5% of it already undergoes decomposition in one week and the decomposition is accelerated thereafter, especially in crystals. This is assumed to be due mainly to air oxidation as well as by the action of light. It is suggested that the safest way is to store vitamin D₂ in a brown bottle filled with inactive gas in an . Several kinds of substances were separated by liquid chromatography as the decomposition product.

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Poliomyelitis viruses have been immunologically grouped into three types, Brunhilde, Leon and Lansing. Although much of effort has been devoted to isolate poliomyelitis virus in Japan, little is revealed concerning the immunological property of the strains isolated.
After World War II, the existence of poliomyelitis virus “Lansing” strain in Japan was suspected from the results obtained by the neutralization test on sera of the healthy Japanese, and furthermore, poliomyelitis virus B34 strain that was of Lansing type was successfully isolated from the stool of one healthy member of a polio patient's family, by means of mouse passage of the specimen. At that time monkeys were not used to isolate the causative agent of the disease because they were not easily available.
An epidemic of poliomyelitis has occurred in the northern part of Japan during 1949. A total of 501 (12.5/100, 000 population) cases was reported from Hokkaido, and also 194 (18.9/100, 000 population) cases from Aomori Prefecture. These figures represent only paralytic cases, since in Japan nonparalytic cases are hardly diagnosed except in the epidemic season of poliomyelitis and mostly are not recognized as poliomyelitis. During this epidemic spinal cords of two patients (each aged one year and two years old) of whom one is from Shibetsu, Hokkaido and the other is from Hachinohe, Aomori Prefecture were obtained, and kept in dry .
Using monkeys as experimental animal two virus strains, named Hachinohe and Shibetsu strain were successfully isolated from these spinal cords in March 1950. However no virus was isolated by passages in mice. Both of the two strains newly isolated in monkeys were presumed not of “Lansing” type.
In 1951 the Poliomyelitis Research Committee was set up by the request of the government, and we were nominated as one of the members participating in the activity. The study concerning the immunological classification of poliomyelitis viruses in Japan using monkeys was carried out.

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Recently, experimental evidence relating to the extremely specific tuberculo-bacterio-static property possessed by o-aminophenol, a pure synthetic product, has been reported by Okamoto and his co-workers of the Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Kanazawa Medical College.
Since 1946, we have been devoting ourselves to the studies in regard to the chemical and biological behaviours of azd-tuberculin derivatives.
The present paper deals with the data obtained from researches carried out with one of the azo-tuberculin derivatives.

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The aim of this study was to develop a simple and rapid method of cryopreservation of rat blastocysts by vitrification. Vitrification solution used here contained glycerol and polyethylene glycol as cryoprotective agents in a HEPES buffered saline (VS3). Two methods of vitrification, one-step and stepwise, were examined to explore a convenient and successful technique for vitrifying rat embryos. No obvious difference was found in post-thaw in vitro survival of vitrified embryos between the two methods of vitrification, suggesting that one-step method may be successful for the vitrification of rat blastocysts. Microscopical observations of the embryos revealed that prolonged exposure of the embryos to the VS3 induced the considerable swelling of embryonic cells, suggesting the intracellular influx of cryoprotective agents. Based on the morphological examinations, no serious damages were observed in the vitrified-thawed embryos after a short period of exposure time (5 min). The present results demonstrate that one-step method of vitrification would be successful for cryo-storage of rat blastocysts.

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Effective constituents of serum for tissue respiration were sought by Warburg's method.¹⁾¹²⁾ A slight modification was applied to the improved method of Warburg, to keep the tissue slices in paired ex-perimental vessels in quite the same condition. Larger quantity of liquid in one vessel required for the original method was separated in two parts (central receptacle and annular part) to make the quantity of solution suspending tissue slices the same as in the other vessel. Results obtained by this procedure differed much from that by the original, not modified method.
(I) Tissue respiration in serum was compared with that in Rin-ger's solution. The difference was not so great, but sufficiently great to be beyond experimental error.
(II) Tissue respiration in dialyzed serum was almost the same as in Ringer's solution.

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