The purpose of this study was to unfold the complicated mutual link in the family. Specifically, we report how marital relationship relates with other dyads in the three-generation family (first generation (G1) was referred as grandparents, second (G2) as parents, and third (G3) as child’s generation) with Inventory for Character of Intra-Inter Generation in Kinship –“”-. Result of multi regression analyses on wife-husband cohesiveness in multigenerational family revealed that seven dyadic relationships are predictive of marital cohesiveness in three-generation family.

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The current study examined (a) the current status of eating problems (eating disorder tendencies: EDT) in Japanese adolescents and (b) the association between adolescent EDT and a family structure consisting of three dyadic subsystems (marital, father-adolescent, and mother-adolescent). Participants were 663 high school and university students (341 males and 322 females) in Japan who completed a self-report questionnaire. Survey results revealed that 19 out of 341 males (5.57%) and 53 out of 322 females (16.46%), or 72 out of 663 participants (10.86%) in the entire sample, were categorized as having EDT according to the EAT-26. The male-to-female ratio of participants with EDT was 1 to 2.8. Many of the female adolescents with lower EAT-26 scores had a highly cohesive family structure with a balance of power in all dyads. The current findings suggested that adolescent eating problems are related to an unbalanced family structure. The clinical implications of these findings for family therapy are discussed.

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The aim of this research is to exploratorily determine how keeping a dog alters family structures. From samples collected through questionnaire papers and on the internet, 313 dog-owning families were selected as the subject for this analysis. We performed a single-factor analysis of variance (single-factor ANOVA) with the three periods of time; "Before ownership", "Immediately after ownership", and "Present", as the independent variables, and the subscales of family structure; "cohesion" between the parents, the father and children, and the mother and children, and the bidirectional "power" in each relationship as the dependent variables. We found that there was an alteration in the family structure between the time period "before ownership" and the two time periods after ownership, with a noticeable difference in the father's power over children. We discuss the relationship between the act of keeping a dog and the structure of the family.

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This study examined family relationships between care receivers (CRs), primary caregivers (PCGs) and secondary caregivers (SCGs) from the perspective of Cumulative Family Relationships and considered how this relationship has changed over the years, as well as whether there is a difference between these changes and the depression of PCGs. Participants were 170 PCGs who were caring in-home dementia CRs. The results of ANOVA and t-test showed that 1) Family Structures Transition were statistically significant, and 2) Family Structure Transition differed according to the degree of depression. These results suggested that Family Structure Transition should be considered when designing intervention strategies and assessment.

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This study examined family relationship from two perspectives; multi-generation and family history. Multigenerational family study was participated by mother from middle generation (N=132). Result of multi regression analysis on father-child cohesion in multigenerational family showed that only grandparental generational family relationship from father’s family of origin predicted father-child cohesion. Historical family relationship study was conducted with Family Relationship History Graph (FRHG). Research participants were late adolescents (N=108). The results showed that declining of mother –child cohesion did not lead to decline maternal power in family, while, father lost power in family along with declining cohesion with child. Multi-regression analysis on the current father-daughter relationship revealed that both the current and immediately before the current mother-child relationship were predictive of the target family relationship.

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This study provides a discussion on how family structure affects marital conflict resolution strategies for middle-aged married women in South Korea and its socio-cultural contexts. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 187 South Korean married women. The result found a model explanation of relationships between family structure and marital conflict resolution strategies: (1) Bond of father and mother causes mother’s high other-orientedness, and power of mother over father does mother’s high self-orientedness. (2) When mother’s recognition that bond of father and child is strong, there is high possibility that mother selects yielding than conciliation.(3) When bond of mother and child is strong, there is high possibility that mother selects yielding than competition. Power of child over mother causes mother’s low self-orientedness and high other-orientedness, in particular, yielding. These results can be ascribed to distinctive South Korean family structure, that is, family-orientedness, child-orientedness, and patriarchal system.

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Family Relationship History Graph: FRHG (Wakashima et al., 2010) is a measure to assess the transition process of family relationship with the current narratives. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the FRHG. We also aimed to investigate general developmental process of family relationship with the FRHG. The results showed concurrent validity for FRHG as a measure of cumulative family relationship was evident and the FRHG scores had moderate temporal stability after an interval of 1 month. In contrast, the FRHG scores were not temporally stable after 4-month interval. As for family transition process, the results indicate that developmental change of family triangle in adolescence differed by child gender.

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The Over-Adaptation Tendency Scale is designed to assess internal (self-inhibitive personality traits) and external (other-directed behavioral adaptation strategies) characteristics of over adaptation. The relationships among over-adaptation, subjective well-being, and family relationships were investigated using this scale. The scale was administered to undergraduate and graduate students (N = 408). The results indicated that for both men and women, all internal aspects of over-adaptation were significantly and negatively associated with the participant’s cognition of past, present, and future subjective well-being. Furthermore, for women, all external aspects of over-adaptation were significantly and positively associated with future subjective well-being and family cohesion was associated with both internal and external aspects. These results are discussed in relation to the characteristics of over-adaptation.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of two “early developmental period” factors on the current basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) and compare the results cross-nationally between China, Korea and Japan. Two “early developmental period” factors are family relationship and self-determinative behavior. Questionnaire research was conducted. Research participants were Chinese, Korea and Japanese university students (N=631). Results of cross-national comparison revealed that 1) Japanese families are less cohesive than Korean and Chinese families, 2)Chinese behave in less self-determinatively than Koreans and Japanese, and 3)Koreans have higher basic psychological needs than Chinese and Japanese. Next, we examined the effect of cohesion and self-determinative behaviors on basic psychological needs for each early developmental period. We also examined the cross-national difference of the results. This study found that 1) for Japanese, cohesion among family members is more linked with relatedness than Chinese and Koreans, 2) for Koreans, the current basic psychological needs are related with cohesion among family members at elementary school age and self-determinative behaviors at both junior high school and high school age, 3) only for Chinese, competence is associated with cohesion among family members and self-determinative behaviors. This study shows the cross-national differences for family cohesion, self-determinative behaviors, and basic psychological needs among three Far East countries.

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The purpose of this study was to reveal the general prevalence of PTSD symptoms among rescue workers for two time points: just after the traumatic operation after the Great East Japan Earthquake (Time 1) and seven months or one year after the earthquake (Time 2). We also aimed to examine the effect of the casual conversation about the critical incident on PTSD symptoms and mental condition of rescue workers. The participants were 5 rescue divers and 16 Special Rescue Team (SRT) of Japan Coast Guard (JCG) and 52 local firefighters of disaster area. They answered the questionnaire from November 2011 to March 2012 at voluntary basis. Traumatic stress responses were assessed for two time points (Time 1 and Time 2) with Japanese version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R-J, Asukai et al., 2002). The participants answered Time 1 as past reaction, and Time 2 as the current condition. The results revealed that 28.8 % of firefighters, 6.3 % of SRT and 20% of rescue divers were categorized as high risk of PTSD at Time 1, and 13.5 % of firefighters were categorized as high risk at Time 2 and all SRT and rescue divers of JCG were categorized as low risk at Time 2. The results of this study presented that the conversation about the trauma had no effect on PTSD symptoms and mental condition. However, the conversation about the critical incident would work to improve PTSD symptoms and mental condition since it seems to play a key role at the point in the past when people are sharing the experience.

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　Solution building, which is a key concept in solution-focused brief therapy, is an effective approach to resolute various problem. However, the environmental factors associated with solution building have not been clarified. Since solution building requires the ability to articulate one's own goals and focus on positive aspects, family factors such as respecting and affirming a children's opinions are associated with solution building.

　In the current study, family structure and parenting style served as family factors, and their relationship to solution building was examined. Two hundred university students were surveyed. Two-way analysis of variance revealed the main effects of family structure and parenting style. In addition, a significant interaction between family structure and parenting style was observed, indicating that strong cohesion, a balance of power, an open family structure, and an accepting parenting style were associated with a high degree of solution building. These results indicate an association between solution building and family factors.

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