A polymer-dispersedliquid crystals (PDLC) provides novel display devices which take advantages of the scattering mode. It has been known that the photocontrol of in-plane liquid crystal alignment is achieved by linearly polarized light (LPL)irradiation of azobenzene polymer thin films. In the present study, we investigated the photocontrol of liquid crystal alignment in PDLC containing azobenzene chromophores.PDLC cells were fabricated by' heating of mixtures of an azobenzene monoacrylate monomer, a diacrylate and a nematic liquidcrystal which was sandwiched between two silicaplates.Dichroic absorption of azobenzene chromophores and birefringence were observed when 436 nm-LPL was irradiated because of the anisotropic orientation of both azobenzene chromophores and liquid crystals. Properties of this type of photosensitive PDLC was also discussed.

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HCCI engines have been widely investigated over the past few years because of their high efficiency potential with low NO_x emission, but they have some problems which prevent their current commercialization. Beside problems with the control of ignition timing and low specific power output, they show increased HC and CO emissions. Although these emissions could be aftertreated with oxidation catalyst, a better solution would be to decrease the amount of emissions from the cylinder. By lowering emissions of HC and CO from the engine cylinder the combustion efficiency will be increased and by that the overall efficiency of the engine will also be increased. Some previous studies have shown that significant sources of HC and CO emissions are crevices and boundary layers near cylinder walls. In order to further investigate their influence on these emissions and possible solutions for lowering them, a computational analysis of the influence of crevice volume and cylinder wall temperature will be done. For this analysis, a, newly developed HCCI multi zone computational model will be used. The model incorporates a crevice, boundary layers, and centre zones, and uses detailed chemical kinetics in order to predict the heat released from combustion, and also to calculate the actual amount of HC and CO compounds. The model also incorporates mass transfer between zones in order to maintain the boundary layer thickness, and also the heat transfer between zones and between boundary layer zones and cylinder walls. A high pressure cycle multi zone model is integrated into the cycle simulation code which calculates processes during gas exchange. In this manner, the initial conditions at the start of a high pressure cycle are calculated, and not predicted. In order to have temperature inhomogeneity at the start of the high pressure cycle, a model of temperature distribution between zones has also been developed.

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This paper describes the characteristics of journal bearings lubricated with a mixture of refrigerant and lubricating oil under similar operating conditions to those in compressors for household refrigerators, The purpose of this study is to clarify the difference in journal bearing characteristics between lubricating oils in which refrigerants HFC-134a and CFC-12 are dissolved, and the effect of refrigerant solubility in the oil on the bearing characteristics. The combinations of refrigerant and oil used in this study were H-FC-134a/ester, CFC-12/mineral which had high refrigerant solubility, and HFC 134a/alkyl benzene which had low refrigerant solubility. Experiments for these combinations were performed by using a journal test machine under different conditions of pressure and temperature. In conclusion, (1) in the fluid lubrication zone, there is no significant difference in journal bearing characteristics between the combinations of HFC-134a/ester, CFC-12/mineral, and HFC-134a/alkyl benzene, and (2) in the boundary lubrication zone, HFC-134a/alkyl benzene has better journal characteristics than HFC-134a/ester and CFC-12/mineral because of lower refrigerant solubility.

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The mineral compositions and formation mechanisms of the scaffolds, taken from Tobata No 1 BF were investigated. In the scaffold sample from the upper level of the shaft, coke breeze and fine or lamelar cementite are combined to the wall by zincite. It is thought that the fragmentation of a cementite particle occurs with the grain growth of matrix zincite and the lamination of cementite is caused by vigorous carbon deposition under the compressive force developed by the burden material. The scaffold rich in silicate from the middle level is estimated to be the sintered body of the particles of the iron are and the compounds formed in ascending gas. Samples. from the lower level of the shaft and the belly are composed mainly of kalsilite and they are formed by the reaction of firebrick of chamotte with alkali oxide. The measures for preventing the growth of scaffold in the shaft are discussed.

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