It has been suggested that individualistic systems have been recently employed in Japan, and Japanese people have become more individualistic. However, previous research suggested that such cultural changes have negative associations with interpersonal relationships and happiness for Japanese (Ogihara & Uchida, 2014). In the present research, to demonstrate a negative aspect of in Japan, we examined the meaning of which Japanese people hold. Japanese participants aged 16 to 69 reported their evaluation to the word “” and their perception of an “individualistic person.” We found that was regarded as being neutral and ambivalent, including both the positive aspect of being “with independence and freedom” and the negative aspect of being “without positive interpersonal relationships.” In contrast, participants predicted others’ evaluation of to be more negative than their own evaluation, since they presumed that others would not consider the positive aspect of independence and freedom.

抄録全体を表示

This paper aims to investigate the role of emic cultural values and facework in sense of humor for the first time in Asia. Specifically it explores the relationships between humor styles, , collectivism, and facework in mainland China. Measures of these constructs were administered to 148 female and 124 male Chinese university students (mean age 20.92 years, SD = 1.73). Results showed that uses of humor were generally related to dimensions of cultural values and facework. Specifically, the two potentially beneficial humor styles (affiliative and self-enhancing humor) were positively related to horizontal collectivism and saving other-face. The two presumably detrimental humor styles (aggressive and self-defeating humor) were positively related to saving self-face. Cultural values and facework together could explain an average of 11.25% of the total variances for the four humor styles. Correlations between cultural values and humor styles in the present study were compared with those of previous research.

抄録全体を表示

The purpose of this paper is to consider the relations between the individual and the family in the Japanese Constitution. Article 13 of Japanese Constitution prescribes "the respect as individuals", and Article 24 Paragraph 2 prescribes "the dignity of individual in the family life". Therefore, it is said that the Japanese Constitution expresses a principle of the generally, and besides, adopts the that individuals are always superiority to families, moreover it adopts the radical which breaks up families. However, the author had observed the process of establishment of the Japanese Constitution to interpret the constitutional articles, then arrives at the following conclusion: the Japanese Constitution does not always deny the protection of the family, rather protects the family.

抄録全体を表示

Group-norm succession motivation refers to motivations for passing down group norms to the younger generation. The current study compared the effects of group identity and

/collectivism on group-norm succession motivation between Japan and the UK. Eighty-four university students from Japan and 132 university students from the UK were included in the analysis. The results showed that group identity positively influenced group-norm succession motivation in both Japan and the UK. Group-norm succession motivation seems to be promoted by the following two routes: responsibility for the younger generation and hoping they experience happiness and showing superiority over the younger generation.

抄録全体を表示

In the last several decades, the spread of ‘being alone’ has become a distinct trend among young people in Korea, especially among those aged in their 20s and 30s. Negative attitude to marriage and activities such as ‘honbap’ (‘dining alone’) and ‘honsul’ (‘drinking alone’) have emerged as the challenge to collectivistic culture that emphasizes the values and goals of collectivity. On the other hand, the search for alternative forms of togetherness (for example, social dining) has also been noted. According to Emile Durkheim’s theory of social solidarity, individual has become more sacred than collectivity in the transition to modern society, so that should be the new basis of social integration. In his concept of ‘moral ,’ Durkheim emphasizes that the whole society must make moral a reality through social institutions. From his theoretical point of view, the cultural and institutional support for moral is not yet sufficient in Korean society. The point is that the whole society must seek to create social network of independent and autonomous individuals.

抄録全体を表示

Recently, the value orientations and cultural worldviews concepts have been used increasingly to provide evidence in the research on risk perception and risk communication. However, the reliability of the cultural worldviews as a psychological measure and its impacts in Asian countries remain unclear. This study thus examines the relationship between cultural worldviews and risk perception regarding climate change in Japan. To this end, an online survey of 300 Japanese adults was conducted. The respondents were asked questions regarding risk perception and countermeasures for global warming. The results of path analyses revealed that people with a highly hierarchical cultural worldview perceive a low risk of climate change and engage in behaviors related to mitigation and adaptation for climate change in a limited capacity. However, in Japan, the short version of the

–communitarianism scale shows poor reliability. Therefore, further research on this topic is required in the future.

抄録全体を表示

Two studies analyzed the relationship between interdependent self-construal, competitive attitudes, emotional expression, coping, and subjective emotional reaction on sadness. This article reports the research carried out in 29 countries. These studies replicate previous research showing that people living in collectivist and high power distance contexts report low verbal expression, and low emotional intensity. Participants sharing collectivist self-construal and competitive attitudes reported more secondary coping (that is, self-modification or suppression reactions). However, only competitive attitudes were related to low verbal emotional expression and low subjective reactions. Participants answered questions related to a typical person and for their personal experience. Results suggest that cultural feelings and display norms can explain the stoical emotional personal style, since actual self-reported and general emotional knowledge patterns were similar. However, the association between coping and subjective reactions was stronger in the personal experience condition, suggesting that internal processes depend on norms less than open verbal behavior.

抄録全体を表示

The privatization phenomenon in the familial world was empirically studied, with particular attention paid to the relations between the family and external systems.
Terms originally defined for our study are: 1) “privatization” as a horizontal division and 2) “individuation” as a vertical division. In consideration of these two types of social divisions, we conceptualized new concepts to clarify and examine actual ongoing situations. They are: INDIVIDUATED PRIVATIZATION (IP) and ORIENTED INDIVIDUATED PRIVATIZATION (OIP).
Among many variables around “privatization” and “individuation”, we focused primarily on “affection” and “ in general attitudes”. The principal findings are as follows:
1. While the observed was the highly oriented familial privatization that shows a preference for the family over the external systems, it has almost nothing to do with the attitudes which make for the importance of affectional ties in couples/families.
2. “IP” is not preferably oriented so much as being discussed in general, in families with “highly OIP”, the clearly weaker affectional ties in couples/families are detected relatively out of proportion.
3. “OIP” has no relevance to , with some exceptions. It is thus plausible to say that the spreading of and the deepening of is the trigger resulting in individuation of the family in Japan, but, although the exception, there are some corvariational relationships between “OIP” and . This may perhaps be an indication of some changes occurring within the current Japanese family.

抄録全体を表示

This paper outlines a conceptual framework of cross-cultural research and its implications forthe advancement of Japanese social psychology. The cross-cultural approach represents an alternative scientific paradigm that supplements, complements, and extends existing theories and methodsin social psychology. While social psychology adopted the natural sciences approach in definingthe field, the cross-cultural psychology bridges the natural sciences tradition with cultural sciencesapproach. This integration closely parallels Wilhelm Wundt's original paradigmatic framework.Wundt articulated the need to integrate cultural level analysis or Volkerpsychologie (ethnopsychology) with the individual experimental analysis to formulate a holistic or ganzheit psychology. Japanese social psychology has been influenced by individualistic theories and methods developed in social psychology. Individualistic assumptions, methods, and goals are, however, incongruent with the relational and collective orientation of Japanese culture and people. The present authors will review the current research in and collectivism to highlight the utility ofthe cross-cultural approach and its implications for developing an alternative research frameworkthat is rooted in Japanese cultural context.

抄録全体を表示

Domestic research in intercultural communication has a history of less than three decades, yet a wide variety of studies have been conducted. This overview of current trends of the research in this field presents a review of studies conducted within the last decade in the areas of Japanese communication patterns, cross-cultural communication, intercultural interaction, intercultural adjustment, and intercultural communication training. Discussion of the current state of these areas are conducted from theoretical and methodological perspectives, and future directives are outlined.

抄録全体を表示

In this study, we focus on a discussion of whether collective responsibility in high school baseball is right or wrong, analyzing the point at issue from the viewpoint of communitarianism and aiming to provide a new viewpoint for the argument. We selected the obligation concept as a concrete perspective for our analysis and used it to examine the point at issue.
The crucial issue was whether a person who is a member of a baseball club should take responsibility for the actions of other members of the same baseball club. First, we reviewed criticism of communitarianism to moral . Second, we clarified the obligation concept as defined by Sandel, who is a representative of the communitarian viewpoint. Finally, we used that concept to frame the issue mentioned above.
As a result, we propose that members of a baseball club have obligations of solidarity toward one another in terms of their communities, which in this case are both the baseball club and the school.

抄録全体を表示