In the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the civil suit system as a means of resolution of external economic disputes has a long history, from immediately after liberation to the present day. In the DPRK, a unified judicial contestation apparatus and judicial organization system was created based on the several laws and regulations enacted between 1945 and 1976. Initially, the civil suit system was limited to maritime affairs regarding quayside handling of cargo, and utilization of a port or shipping agent by a foreign vessel, etc., in open ports. Today, it has become a comprehensive dispute resolution mechanism, which can solve various disputes. The Law of the DPRK on External Civil Relations provides the basic principles for judicial districts in external civil suits. The civil litigation system in the DPRK has established a clear and simplified litigation processing system which has overcome the complexity of legislation in other countries in the technical aspects of the litigation procedures by making all the activities, from the fi ling of an action to the beginning of litigation, to be 'preparation for litigation.' In order to protect the rights and interests of the parties to a lawsuit, our system has emergency appeals and retrials, while having a two-tiered judicial system.

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This case study delves into the largely unexplored realm of user experience (UX) d esign within North Korea, a nation known for its secrecy. The paper presents an exploration of the UX in the North Korean information technology sector, specifically examining the graphical user interface (GUI) of North Korean Android smartphones. The stud y addresses two key questions. First, North Korea's political approach to Google's Material Design , the prevalent UX standard for Android, which originates from a company situated in an adversarial nation. Second, the adaptation of North Korean GUI design to global trends, such as skeuomorphism and flat design. The study began with an initial comparati ve analysis of South and North Korean smartphones, followed by two data collection activities on a North Korean mobile device. The first activity involved expert reviews by seven GUI designers, and the second activity included user evaluations by eight UX design majoring graduate students. The collected qualitative data were analyzed using grounded theory's open coding principles. The findings of this study off er insights into the unique characteristics and design contexts of North Korean GUIs, thereby contributing to an understanding of their digital visual design and laying the groundwork for further research in the field of UX design within the country.

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 Traditional houses in Western Afghanistan have domical vault roofs. Such houses are not limited to the Old City but are instead distributed throughout the municipal area of Herat. For this study, we used satellite images from 2017 to locate 11,754 houses with domical vault roofs within the municipal area of Herat and then calculated their density. Field surveys were conducted to investigate the sites with a higher density of such houses. The study identified seven high-density sites and classified them into three groups; 1) monumental, 2) pre-1960s old residential villages along canals and 3) post-1960s residential settlements at the urban fringe.

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In 2022, North Korea officially introduced Kim Ju-ae, the daughter of Kim Jong-un, through the reporting photographs of the Chosun Joongan Tongsin and the Rodong Sinmun. North Korea has institutionalized the hereditary succession through the “Mount Baekdu Bloodline” in accordance with the “Ten Principles for Establishing the Monolithic Ideological System.” Therefore, the appearance of Kim Ju-ae may be seen as a strategic move in preparation for the fourth-generation succession following Kim Jong-un. North Korean domestic and international media outlets, including the Rodong Sinmun and the Chosun Joongan Tongsin, have deliberately portrayed Kim Ju-ae by reporting on her participation in 15 strategic weapon inspections and military events, among other activities. Such portrayals evoke the concept of the "Theatre State" proposed by Clifford Geertz, symbolizing the entire nation as a unified organism and an expanded family with biological Bloodline, which serves as a propaganda strategy to legitimize the continuation of the Mount Baekdu Bloodline as the absolute authority in the post-Kim Jong-un era. In this context, this study is based on the theoretical background of the Mount Baekdu Bloodline and the Theatre State and aims to visually analyze the reported photographs of Kim Ju-ae in the Chosun Joongan Tongsin and the Rodong Sinmun. To achieve this, we selected 40 close-up photographs from the original 95 reported photographs of Kim Ju-ae and conducted visual data analysis using Google’s Vertex AI Vision, a pre-trained machine learning and operations tool (MLOps). The analysis revealed that emotions of joy and neutrality were each represented in half of the observed photographs of Kim Ju-ae's public appearances. This suggests that the photo staging or selection strategy for Kim Ju-ae discerns between expressions associated with private familial interactions with her father and those intended for public presentation to the populace. Her expressions towards her father convey a familial warmth indicative of socialist familialism, while her public expressions are more serious and leader-like, selectively exhibiting joy and neutrality. Hence, this study interprets the portrayal of Kim Ju-ae in the 15 reported instances through Vertex AI Vision analysis as revealing a leader's image that is both amiable and assertive of biological lineage, potentially signifying a deliberate propagandistic orchestration for future succession. This research could transcend the limitations of subjective analysis by experts on North Korea's succession, providing objective data through next-generation artificial intelligence technology.

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To decrease human error of the pericardiocentesis, we aimed to develop the pericardiocentesis assistance device. Purposes of this paper are to design of the pericardiocentesis assistance device. We proposed the new pericardiocentesis assistance device that needle was not used. The proposed device is able to aspiratethe fluid in pericardial space by cutting the pericardium using the cutter. To cut the pericardium, we designed the two type cutter that are the stress type cutter and the shear type cutter. As the result of two type cutter comparison experiment, the shear type cutter was able to cut the mock pericardium.

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The correlation between liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient (k_L) and gas–liquid interfacial area (A) was measured within a CO₂–tap water system. An audio speaker was used to control both the bubble generation frequency (f) and bubble diameter. The bubble diameter was varied between 0.4 mm and 9.8 mm, and f was set to 10, 30, or 60 Hz. The maximum standard deviation of the volume equivalent diameter of bubbles just after generation from the nozzle was approximately ≤1/10 of the average diameter. Depending on the bubble diameter, one of two different methods was used to measure the effect of bubble diameter on k_L. The results indicate that for bubbles with a diameter greater than 5 mm, k_L depends on f. For f=10 Hz, the relationship between k_L and the bubble diameter was similar to that of an empirical correlation of a pure system described in the literature (Clift et al., 1965). For bubbles with a diameter 0.58 mm or less, k_L decreased with decreasing bubble diameter. The mass transfer of CO₂ bubbles in this release method correlated with the conventional dimensionless equation based on the relationship between the Sherwood (Sh) and Reynolds (Re) numbers. Sh was proportional to Re^1/2 for 5<Re<60, and Sh was proportional to Re^3/4 for 300<Re<3300. The dependence of Re on Sh for a row of bubbles was revealed to be similar to that for single bubbles.

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The purpose of this article is to verify the advancement of nuclear weapons under the Kim Jong Un regime and its survivability in terms of Nuclear Deterrence Theory, which would become the first step, to providing an answer to the question: What brought about the historic June 2018 summit between the US and the DPRK that had not been held for over 70 years? Firstly, this article will explore the development of its advanced nuclear weapons by both qualitative and quantitative methods by examining how the Kim Jong Un regime made the decision to accelerate its nuclear development and then put it into practice. Secondly, I will review how the Trump administration and the Kim Jong Un regime changed their perceptions of each other after North Korea proved its ability to invulnerably attack the US mainland and its allies through its advancement of nuclear weapons. Finally, the survivability of the Kim Jong Un regime will be considered according to its analytical framework, namely the nuclear deterrence theory. Based on these verification results where the DPRK’s survivability has been consolidated in a military sense and crisis stability between the US and the DPRK has been improved, this article also clarifies implications for North Korea’s new security strategy, regional studies on the DPRK, and Nuclear Deterrence Theory itself.

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