To induce peptide-specific antibodies in mice, as a model for vaccination against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), lipopeptide analogs conjugated with three repeating units (-112; designated as gp120-peptide) of a part (Gly-Pro-Gly-Arg-Ala-Phe) of the amino acid sequences of the V3 loop region in gp120 of HIV were synthesized. The mitogenicity, production of nitric oxide (NO) and induction of peptide-specific antibodies in mice by synthetic lipopeptides were examined. Compounds, -8 (diacylglycerol-tetrapeptide having a part of the amino acid sequence in Escherichia coli), -116 (diacyglycerol-cysteine), -117 (diacylglycerol with gp120-peptide) and -121 (-8 with gp120-peptide) were capable of increasing significantly the incorporation of [³H]thymidine into splenocytes of C3H/He mice at concentrations ranging from 12.5 to 100 μM, but -112 (gp120-peptide) and -115 (monoacylglycerol with gp120-peptide) did not show such activity. The compounds, -8, -117 and 121, exhibited NO production in murine macrophages. When 50 nmol of these compounds was administered intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice on days 0, 16 and 46, the peptide-specific antibody titers in their sera produced by each compound were determined with ELISA. The sera of -117 and -121, which were obtained on days 14, 30, 42, 57 and 70, had a higher titer than that of -112 and -115, suggesting that the diacylglycerol derivatives enhance the production of the peptide-specific antibodies.

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Mitogenicity and the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by a chemically synthesized lipotetrapeptide analog (-8), S-[2, 3-bis (palmitoyloxy)-2R-propyl]-N-[(2, 2, 2)-trichloro-ethoxycarbonyl : Troc group]-(R)-cys-teinyl-(S)-seryl-(S)-seryl-(S)-asparagine, the amino acid sequence of which corresponds to that of the lipopeptide part of lipoprotein in Escherichia coli, and several derivatives (-30-41), which possessed the altered glycerocysteine moiety, were examined. A 1-cysteinyl glycerol skeleton-type compound (-8), a propane-type compound (-31), a homoglycerol-type (-39 and 40) and a 2-cysteinyl glycerol-type (-41) exhibited mitogenic activity on splenocytes from C3H/He mice at various concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 100μg/ml. However, propane-type compounds. except -31, and ethane-type compounds showed lower mitogenic activity than other types of compounds. Compounds -8, 31, 40 and 41 induced the production of TNF in peritoneal exudated macrophages from C3H/He mice at concentrations of 25 and 50 μg/ml. The results indicate that the structural differences of the glycerol moiety in the synthetic lipopeptides affect the potency of its biological activities.

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1) 同符号イオン間の選択透過係数T^A_Bを, 膜中でのイオンの移動速度uA, uB, 原液中のイオン濃度C_OA, C_OB, 分離係数, 電流密度i, 拡散層の厚さδ, 原液中でのイオンの拡散定数D_A, D_B, 膜中でのAイオンとBイオンの輸率t_±, 原液中でのイオンの輸率t_A, t_Bおよびファラデー定数Fの関数として表わした (15) 式を導いた.(15) 式によれば, iδはT_A^Bに対する一つのパラメーターとみなすことができる.
2) 極限の電流密度i_critおよびその時の選択透過係数T_A^B_critを表わす (20) 式と (21) 式を導いた.
3) 希釈室のバルク溶液のBイオン濃度C_OBと, 膜面の溶液のBイオン濃度C_SBが等 しくなるときの選択透過係数T_A^Bおよび分離係数を表わす (23) 式と (26) 式, およびT_A^BがT_A^B_critと 同じ値 を示す時 の分離係数K_A^B_critを表わす (28) 式を導いた.
4)(15),(20) および (21) 式を数値計算した結果は図-8, 図-9, 図-11の とおりであつた. これらの結果から, 電流密度iの増大とともにT_A^Bが 一定値T_A^B_critに漸近し, i_critにおいてT_A^B_critとなる過程が明らかにされた.
既往の試験結果の中には計算結果と傾向が極めてよく一致するものがあつた. これは, 物質移動モデルの妥当性 を示すものである.
5)(15) 式からT_A^Bと同時に膜面溶液のイオン濃度C_SA, C^SBおよびを求め, これらと (23),(26) および (28) 式から得られたT_A^B, およびK_A^B_critの関係を考察した. 概要次のとおりである.
(1) >K_A^B_critであるときはT_A^BはT_A^B_critより大なる値からT_A^B_critに近づき, <K_A^B_critであるときはT_A^BはT_A^B_critより小なる値からT_A^B_critに近づく.
(2) <の ときはC_SB>C_OBであり, 電流密度の増大とともに>になるとC_SB<C_OBとなり, _icritにおいてC_SB=0, C_SA=0となる.
6) 原液の温度の影響について考察した結果, T_A^Bおよびi_critは温度の影響をうけるが, T_A^B_critは温度にはほぼ無関係な特性値であることがわかつた.

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Production of 4-keto-D-arabonate (4) was confirmed in a culture medium of Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens strains, newly isolated from water kefir in Argentina. The strains rapidly oxidized D-glucose, D-gluconate (GA), and 2-keto-D-gluconate (2KGA), and accumulated 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate (25DKA) exclusively before reaching the stationary phase. 25DKA was in turn converted to 4, and 4 remained stable in the culture medium. The occurrence of 4 was assumed by Ameyama and Kondo about 50 years ago in their study on the carbohydrate metabolism of acetic acid bacteria (Bull. Agr. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 22, 271–272, 380–386 (1958)). This is the first report confirming microbial production of 4.

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Sera from 30 Japanese insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients of short duration were examined to determine whether they had antibodies to proteolytic fragments of islet antigen, the molecular weights of which were 37, 000 and/or 40, 000 Mr (37). The median age and disease duration of the patients were 13 (range; 6-22) years old and 12 (range; 0-24) months, respectively. Twelve out of the 30 IDDM patients (40%) had 37, while none of the 16 control subjects was positive for 37. The frequency of the 37 was not correlated with disease duration tested. We further investigated the antibodies to ICA512, by radioligand binding assay, which has been proposed to be a target antigen for the 37. Twenty-two (73.3%) patients had antibodies to ICA512 (ICA512AA), but none of the control subjects did. The levels of ICA512AA, which were described as indexes using standard sera, were significantly higher in the patients than in the control subjects (1.436±2.674 and 0.001±0.002, respectively, P<0.05). The frequency of antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65Ab) was also higher in the patients than in the control subjects (70% and 0%, respectively), but 7 out of 9 GAD65Ab-negative patients had ICA512AA and/or 37. Since 93% of the IDDM patients had at least one of these antibodies, combined analysis with 37, ICA512AA, and GAD65Ab facilitates diagnosis of Japanese IDDM.

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  Although total of 16 species of the genus Philonotis Brid. are accepted for China, Chinese specimens of 5 of them have not yet been seen. Philonotis sect. Philonotis has P. fontana (Hedw.) Brid., P. calcarea (B.S.G.) Schimp., P. seriata Mitt., and P. yezoana Besch. & Card., Philonotis sect. Philonotula (B.S.G.) Jaeg. has Philonotis falcala (W. J. Hook.) Mitt., P. hastata (Duby) Wijk & Marg., P. lancifolia Mitt., P. marchica (Hedw.) Brid., P. mollis (Dozy & Molk.) Mitt., P. runcinata C. Müll. ex Aongstroem, P. secunda (Dozy & Molk.) Bosch & Sande Lac., P. thwaitesii Mitt., and P. turneriana (Schwaegr.) Mitt., and Philonolis sect. Bartramidula (Bruch & Schimp. in B.S.G.) Mitt. has Philonotis bartramioides (Griff.) Griffin & Buck, P. cernua (Wils.) Griffin & Buck, and P. roylei (Hook. f. in Hook.) Mitt. in China.

  Philonotis runcinata is newly recorded for China. P. capilliformis J.-S. Lou & P.-C. Wu, Philonotis palustris Mitt., P. plumulosa Card. & Thér., and P. setschuanica var. formosica Card. are synonymized with P. falcata; P. papillalomarginata J.-S. Lou & P.-C. Wu with P. hastata; P. appressifolia Dix. with P. thwaitesii; and Bartramia setschuanica C. Muell. (= Philonotis setschuanica (C. Muell.) Par.), Bartramia speciosa Gritf. (= Philonotis speciosa (Griff.) Mitt.), Phifonotis nitida Mitt., P. speciosa var. angustifolia

. and P. turneriana var. nitida . with P. turneriana (Schwaegr.) Mitt. P. turneriana var. robusta E. B. Bartr. is a synonym of Fleischerobryum macrophyllum Broth. P. glomerata Mitt. and P. radicalis (Hampe) Mitt., and Philonotis socia Mitt. forma minulissima . are excluded from the Philonotis flora of China, and the presence of P. cernua (Wils.) Griffin & Buck is doubtful. P. sikkimense (.) T. Kop. is a new combination. Lectotypes are selected for Bartramia setschuanica C. Muell., Philonotis nitida Mitt., P. setschuanica var. formosica Card., and P. turneriana var. nitida . Notes are given on the nomenclature, taxonomy and distribution.

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Thai (Munoh and Daeng), Japanese (Tomikura and Sagata) and Ghanaian (Ada) soils were analyzed for iron and sulfur bacteria to study their contribution to the formation of acidity in these soils. Acid sulfate potentiality was also tested for the soils (Sagata and Ada). High numbers of iron bacteria (>10⁶) and sulfur bacteria (>10⁵) were found in Tomikura and Daeng soils, respectively. In addition to the high iron and sulfur bacterial numbers, these soils have high sulfate contents and high acidity (<pH 4). These properties qualify them as acid sulfate soils. In addition, Daeng soil has high organic matter content and is regarded as a peat/acid sulfate soil. Munoh soil has also been classified as an acid sulfate soil since it also shows the presence of enough iron and sulfur bacteria coupled with low pH. Sagata soil has been classified as a typical potential acid sulfate soil because its pH drops sharply from 5.44 to 3.21 within 30 days of incubation. Ada soil is regarded as neither an acid sulfate soil nor a potential one, since it requires as long as 60 days for its pH to drop from 5.46 to 4.65.

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液液界面張力が分子論的観点から検討された。次の仮定が接着に関するFree Energyを求めるのに用いられた。 (i) 分子間が働くポテンシャルは分散力, 双極子間引力及び分極による引力成分その他に分けられ, いずれもγ^-6で表わされる (ii) 分子分布は均一である。これからa, b相の界面張力γ_abはγ_ab=γ_a+γ_b-√γ_a^dγ_b^d (I) で表わされる。γ_a, γ_b, 及びξ_abはそれぞれa, bの表面張力, =4d_d/d_a (1+d_b/d_a) ^-2, ξ_ab=1+ (α_aμ_b²+α_bμ_a²) /A_ab+2μ_a²μ_b²/3kTA_abである。ここにd_a, d_bはa-a分子間あるいはb-b分子間の最近接距離, α, μ, Aはそれぞれ分極率, 双極子能率及び引力定数である。これは従来提出されたγ_abに関する式の一般形と認められる。種々なアルカン等の無極性液体に対する有極性液体の界面張力が測定され, 水の場合も含めてこられ有極性液体表面張力の分散力成分が (I) 式から求められた。これらの値は多種類の無極性液体を対称液として求められている。これらは接触角法で求められたものと合理的な一致を示し, かつ標準偏差値が後者より小さいことからより合理的な値と認められた。γ_bd既知の極性液体との界面張力γ_ab及びγ_a, γ_bを (I) 式に適応して求められたγ_a^dと, 分極による項は他に比し無視し得るとして (I) 式を変形した式γ_ab=γ_a+γ_b-√γ_a^dγ_b^d-√ (γ_a-γ_a^d) (γ_b-γ_b^d) (II) とから求められたγ_a^dとを比較した。 (II) 式で求められるγ_a^dはより妥当な値を与えると認められた。

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Purpose: Degradation of silane coupling layers by water ingress in computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) of resin composites has been reported qualitatively. In this study, we quantitatively evaluated how water absorption of CAD/CAM resin composites affects the silane coupling layer by in vitro and in silico methods.

Methods: A Katana Avencia block (

) and an experimental matrix block composed of only a matrix resin were used to evaluate the effect of water immersion for seven days on the elastic modulus. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with fluorine-labeling of the was performed to evaluate the atomic percentage of F1s, which represents the hydrolysis amount by water immersion. In silico analysis of the three-dimensional model of the was performed to determine the coupling ratios before and after water immersion.

Results: The elastic modulus of the

was 8.2 GPa before and 6.9 GPa after immersion in water. The atomic percentages of F1s in the after- and before-immersion groups were 14.31% and 11.52%, respectively, suggesting that hydrolysis of the silane coupling layer occurred during water immersion. From in silico analysis of the three-dimensional model of the , the coupling ratio was predicted to be 78.2% before water immersion. After water immersion, the coupling ratio was predicted to be 68.4%.

Conclusions: The in vitro and in silico approaches established in this study were able to predict the silane coupling ratios of CAD/CAM resin composites, and they showed that the silane coupling ratio decreased by water absorption.

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The Co Knight shift was measured in an aligned powder sample of Na_xCoO₂·yH₂O, which shows superconductivity at T_c∼4.6 K. The Knight-shift components parallel (K_c) and perpendicular to the c-axis (along the ab plane ) were measured in both the normal and superconducting (SC) states. The temperature dependences of and K_c are scaled with the bulk susceptibility, which shows that the microscopic susceptibility deduced from the Knight shift is related to Co-3d spins. In the SC state, the Knight shift shows an anisotropic temperature dependence: decreases below 5 K, whereas K_c does not decrease within experimental accuracy. This result raises the possibility that spin-triplet superconductivity with the spin component of the pairs directed along the c-axis is realized in Na_xCoO₂·yH₂O.

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⁶³Cu Knight shift in Tl₂Ba₂CuO_6+y with a single CuO₂ plane has been measured by using a partially oriented powder with the c-axis perpendicular to the external field (). For the compounds with T_c=72 K and 40 K, exclusively connected to the spin susceptibility (χ_s) is T-independent above T_c, while it decreases rapidly below T_c. By taking into account the T-independent orbital shift of K_orb=0.24% and 0.26%, respectively, χ_s(T) is found to become almost zero below T⁄T_c=0.3, in good agreemt with the isotropic energy gap (s-wave) model with a larger energy gap (2Δ=4.4k_BT_c) than the BCS value (2Δ=3.5k_BT_c). For the nonsuperconducting Tl₂Ba₂CuO_6+y, (χ_s) exhibits no T-variation, which is different from the behavior observed in other high-T_c oxides except YBa₂Cu₃O₇.

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We have cloned five distinct types of inward-rectifying K⁺ channels with two putative transmembrane regions from mouse and rat brain cDNA libraries. We designated these novel clones as MB-IRK1, MB-IRK2, MB-IRK3, MB-GIRK1 and -2. Xenopus oocytes injected with cRNAs for MB-IRKs and -2 elicited background K⁺ currents, which showed the classical inward-rectifying K⁺ characteristics at the whole cell current level and were blocked by Ba²⁺ and Cs⁺ in a concentration- and voltage-dependent manner. The single channel recordings revealed that the unitary conductance of MB-IRKI was ?? 22 pS; MB-IRK2, ?? 35 pS; MB-IRK3, ?? 12 pS; MB-GIRK1 which was activated by G_βγ, ?? 35 pS; and -2, either ?? 15 pS or ?? 30 pS with 150 mM [K⁺]o. Distribution of mRNAs for the clones was examined by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization technique. MB-IRKI mRNA was detected strongly in forebrain, heart and skeletal muscle, and less in cerebellum, but not in kidney. MB-IRK2 mRNA was detected strongly in cerebellum and less in other previously described organs. MB-IRK3 mRNA was detected specifically in forebrain. MB-GIRK 1 mRNA was detected strongly in forebrain, cerebellum and heart, and less in skeletal muscle, but not in kidney. -2 mRNA was detected strongly in forebrain and cerebellum, less in kidney, but not in heart or skeletal muscle. In situ hybridization showed mRNAs for the clones to be expressed in a variety of regions throughout the brain. These results indicate that the clones of inward-rectifying K⁺ channels with two putative transmembrane regions may play heterogeneous functional roles in various organs and provide a tool for future development of novel therapeutic strategies of various diseases.

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Inwardly rectifying K⁺ (Kir) channels are considered to play the major role in the spatial buffering of glial cells. We have examined the electrophysiological properties of Kir channels in isolated rabbit Müller cells (retinal glial cells). Although a previous study reported that three kinds of Kir channels with different conductance and rectification properties were expressed in distinct regions of rabbit Müller cell membrane, we could record only a single population of Kir channels from the distal end to the endfoot in 205 successful cell-attached patches. The identified Müller cell Kir channel had a unitary conductance of 25 pS in the inward direction with symmetrical 153 mM K⁺ condition. The conductance and gating properties of the Müller cell Kir channels were identical to those of the -2/Kir4.1 heterologously expressed in a mammalian cultured cell line, HEK293T cells. Thus -2/Kir4.1 was the predominant glial Kir channel not only in the brain, but also in the retina. Because its rectification is intermediate, this Kir channel may contribute to both the intrusion and the extrusion of K⁺ ions across glial cell membrane and may be the major pathway for redistribution of extracellular K⁺ ions in the central nervous system.

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本稿は、インドネシア国スンバ島における慣習家屋の建設過程を記録し、報告するものである。ここでは今も昔から伝わる生活習慣を維持しているウンガ村に焦点をあてている。すなわち、大工のような専門職もなく、近隣の村人との共同作業で行う建設行為について詳細に記録し、その意味について考察するものである。 1 比較対象として東南アジア全域の木造家屋を考証し、さらにスンバ島のなかでも他の集落を検証した。 2 主要な家屋について、その建設過程を三次元CAD に作画して記録した。そして、建設資材の調達方法や建設資金についても調査を行った。 3 慣習家屋建設における最大の特徴である儀礼について、全過程のビデオ撮影を行い、現地語を翻訳して解析した。

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Symptoms of the Ascochyta leaf spot diseases of pepper, burdock, pumpkin, hollyhock and cowpea in Hokkaido were described. The causal fungus on each host was shown to be morphologically and pathologically similar and identical with Ascochyta phaseolorum Sacc. Adzuki bean was most severely infected in cross inoculation tests, irrespective of the original source of the inoculum, A. phaseolorum Sacc., A. capsici Bond.-Mont., A. althaeina Sacc. et Bizz., A. lappae . et Bub. and Phllosticta lappae Sacc, were considered as synonyyms of A. phaseolorum Sacc.

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The magnetocrystalline anisotropy of low temperature phase of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) was measured for a monoclinic single phase specimen by using computerized fully-automatic torque magnetometer. The anisotropy is expressed by
E_a=K_aα_a²+K_bα_b²+K_aaα_a⁴+K_bbα_b⁴+K_abα_a²α_b²−K_uα₁₁₁²,
where α_a, α_b and α₁₁₁ are direction cosines of the magnetization with respect to the monoclinic a-, b- and cubic [111] axes, respectively, the last of which coincides with the longest cube diagonal. The values of the anisotropy constants at 4.2 K are: K_a=25.5, K_b=3.7, K_u=2.1, K_aa=1.8, K_bb=2.4 and =7.0 in 10⁵ erg/cm³. It was found that K_a, K_b and K_u exhibit the temperature dependence of an activation type with the activation energy of about 0.02 eV. It was also found that the constants K_aa, K_bb and are well expressed in terms of cubic K₁. The mechanism of the anisotropy is also discussed.

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4-Keto-D-arabonate (D-threo-pent-4-ulosonate) and 4-keto-D-ribonate (D-erythro-pent-4-ulosonate) were prepared from D-arabinose and D-ribose by two successive reactions of membrane-bound enzymes, D-aldopentose 4-dehydrogenase and 4-keto-D-aldopentose 1-dehydrogenase of Gluconobacter suboxydans IFO 12528. Alternatively, they were prepared from D-arabonate and D-ribonate with another membrane-bound enzyme, D-pentonate 4-dehydrogenase. Analytical data confirmed the chemical structures of the 4-pentulosonates prepared. This is the first report of successful enzymatic synthesis of 4-pentulosonates.

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