Phytosulfokine-α (PSK-α) is a novel plant peptidyl growth factor that was originally isolated the conditioned medium of cultures of asparagus mesophyll cells was shown to stimulate cell division. To date, however, there have been no reports on the effects of PSK-α on morphogenesis in higher plants. Therefore, in this study, we examined the effects of PSK-α on formation of adventitious buds calli of Antirrhinum majus. The formation of adventitious buds was induced on hypocotyl-derived callus that had formed on solid Murashige Skoog's (MS) medium containing 1.2μM naphthoxyacetic acid. Addition of PSK-α in this medium at 10^-8, 10^-7 10^-6M stimulated the formation of adventitious buds. No adventitious buds developed callus that had been cultured on MS medium containing 1.1μM 2, 4-D with or without PSK-α. However, when such callus was transferred to phytohormone-free MS medium that contained PSK-α, as many as 10% of calli formed adventitious buds. The results indicate that PSK-α could stimulate organogenesis in higher plant.

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Rats exposed to liquid mosquito repellent (LMR) containing allethrin (3.6% w/w) 8-hrs/ day for a period of ninety days did not produce any signs of toxicity or death. Significant increases in relative weight of liver adrenal in males, brain thyroid in females were observed. No significant changes were noticed in clinical enzyme profile, gonadal enzymes histopathology of vital organs except mild changes in the activities of liver serum alkaline phosphates (ALP), testicular glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PDH) epididymal sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH). Rats exposed to LMR for one generation had not produced changes in their reproductive indices such as fertility index, gestation index, pups/ dam sex ratio. There was no change in the preweanling evaluation of pups such as survival growth index on post-natal days (PND) 0, 4, 7,14 21. No significant pathomorphological changes were observed in liver, brain, kidney gonads of PND 21 pups. Absences of any major adverse effects in the adult as well as weanling rats suggest the safe use of allethrin-based LMR.

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Background: Desired longevity represents how strongly people esteem possible extensions of their own lifetime. The association between desired longevity

mortality risk has been reported in only one prospective study, which examined a small sample of older participants. We aimed to examine the hypothesis that desired longevity at middle-age predicted long-term survival.

Methods: In the prospective cohort study, residents aged 40–64 years were asked how long they would like to

asked to choose one three options: longer than, as long as, or shorter than the life expectancy. We used Cox proportional hazards model to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause cause-specific mortality according to the three groups for desired longevity, treating the “longer than” group as the reference. We conducted mediation analysis to investigate the mechanism for the association between desired longevity mortality.

Results: We recruited 39,902 residents to the study. Risk of all-cause mortality was significantly higher in the “shorter than” group (HR 1.12; 95% CI, 1.

–1.21). The association was independent of sex, age, marital status, education, medical history, health status. Regarding cause of death, mortality risk of cancer (HR 1.14; 95% CI, 1.00–1.29) suicide (HR 2.15; 95% CI, 1.37–3.38) were also higher in the “shorter than” group. The unhealthy lifestyle mediated this association with all-cause mortality by 30.4%.

Conclusion: Shorter desired longevity was significantly associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality,

mortality cancer suicide. Lifestyle behaviors particularly mediated this association.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine how life paths toward dreams are selected in relation to ibasho, taking the case of rock musicians. Previous studies have focused on the lack of ibasho

pointed out various problems such as unstable transitions. In contrast, this paper focuses on the possession of ibasho clarifies the process by which it leads to unstable transitions. The data used was obtained an interview survey of dream-following musicians.

As a result, it was found that musicians have multiple ibasho inside

outside school, choose to pursue their dreams by complying with those ibasho; the ibasho inside school is club activities, that outside school is music clubs. They first started their musical activities through family influence club activities, developing an ibasho inside the school. Then, in order to work in a more legitimate place, their activities overflowed the school. There, they gained new ibasho by meeting trusted colleagues supporters, chose the path of dream chasing with unstable transitions. Their life paths were strongly driven by the youth culture of rock bands, their ibasho inside outside school played an important role. In addition, they had the difficulties pointed out in previous studies due to the unstable transitions. However, they willingly took these difficulties upon themselves because they were “doing something they liked.”

The above findings show the paradox of not only following an unstable transition because there is no ibasho, but also doing so because there is one. The following problems have became clear; their difficulties were invisible

undertaken by themselves due to the characteristic of pursuing dreams. This is where attention should be paid by future youth support policy.

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Since 1987, the harvesting of humpback whales by the Bequians of St. Vincent the Grenadines has been approved by the International Whaling Commission (IWC) as a form of “aboriginal subsistence whaling.” However, in 2012, a non-profit organization launched an anti-whaling, pro-whale watching campaign, because the chairperson of the organization thought that whaling in Bequia was not aboriginal subsistence whaling. In this paper, I address issues that have resulted the campaign, explore the future of whaling in Bequia.

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Objectives: In utero lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) results in a wide variety of developmental effects in pups at doses much lower than those causing overt toxicity in adult animals. We investigated the relationship between tissue concentrations of TCDD in dams fetuses developmental effects on pups.
Materials Methods: Pregnant Long-Evans rats were given TCDD at a single oral dose of 12.5, 50, 200, or 800 ng of TCDD or [³H]-TCDD/kg bw on gestation day (GD) 15. Dams were sacrificed on GD16 GD21, the tissue concentrations of TCDD were measured in dams fetuses. Pups were sacrificed on postnatal day (PND) 49 PND63 for males PND70 for females, the reproductive effects tissue concentrations of TCDD were determined.
Results: The sex ratio (male/female) on GD21 was significantly reduced at 50 ng TCDD/kg at 12.5 50 ng TCDD/kg at birth, but not at other doses. Delayed puberty was observed in males at 200 ng TCDD/kg in males females at 800 ng TCDD/kg. Anogenital distance, testis weight, epididymal sperm count, sperm motility, ejaculated sperm count were not affected. Estrous cyclicity was not different that of the control in any treatment group. A dose-dependent decrease in weight of seminal vesicle prostate on PND49 was observed. Prostate weight was significantly decreased at 800 ng TCDD/kg. At this dose, maternal body burden TCDD concentration in fetuses were 290 pg TCDD/g 52 pg TCDD/g on GD16, respectively.
Reduced prostate weight is a sensitive commonly observed endpoint so that the body burdens of dams fetuses at the LOAEL of this endpoint could be served as the basis for establishing TDI for dioxins.

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岐阜大学附属野生動物救護センターに2004～2008年に搬入されたオオタカ16羽において救護事例の回顧的研究を行った。主な初診の状態は，脊髄損傷による両脚の麻痺（25％）および翼の骨折（19％）であった。最も多い救護原因は，車両以外への人工物への衝突（69％）であった。他の原因は，交通事故（13％）および建物への迷入（13％）であった。転帰は，死亡，野生復帰および永久飼養（野生復帰不可）が，それぞれ75，19および6％であった。

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We investigated 66 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains isolated pigs affected with swine erysipelas in Japan 1994 to 2001 for serotype, pathogenicity towards mice, protection in vaccinated mice antimicrobial susceptibility. Most of the isolates (84.8%) were serotype 1 or 2. For the first time, strains belonging to serotype 21 were isolated cases of septicemia. Fifty isolates (75.8%) were highly virulent, 12 isolates (18.2%) were weakly virulent 4 isolates were avirulent strains. All the mice vaccinated with the Koganei 65-0.15 vaccine strain survived challenge exposure with 50 highly virulent isolates. Six isolates (9.1%) grew on TPB-T80 agar containing 0.02% of acriflavine, this was identical to the growth of the vaccine strain. Forty-seven isolates (71.2%) were resistant to oxytetracycline. The number of strains resistant to oxytetracycline among field isolates increased rapidly each year. Tylosin-resistant strains were also isolated (6.1%). These results suggest that certain characteristics, particularly antimicrobial susceptibility of E. rhusiopathiae isolates, change yearly in the field. Therefore, further investigation of the characteristics of E. rhusiopathiae field isolates is necessary.

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In March 2011, the Great East Japan Earthquake occurred, killing approximately 20,000 people. Previous research has shown that evacuation start time

evacuation behavior are related to the disaster survival rate: immediate evacuation increases the survival rate evacuation-disruption caused by traffic congestion decreases it. Therefore, it can be assumed that guiding people to safe locations will increase the survival rate. The detection of the human mobility flow is a key to rescuing more people, because its analysis can help determine the appropriate evacuation routes toward which people should be guided. The objective of our research is to develop a system for detecting the human mobility flows in a disaster scenario. We analyzed the requirements of human mobility flow detection for disaster evacuation guidance. In this paper, we propose a crowd sensing system that uses Bluetooth for recognizing human mobility flows. By detecting Bluetooth devices carried by pedestrians, the congestion degree can be estimated. Further, the devices’ movements can be detected by observing the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of Bluetooth Low Energy (LE) beacons carried by pedestrians. The results of experimental evaluations of these two methods verify their usefulness. Our methods can estimate the congestion degree, as well as the velocity of walking pedestrians.

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In recent years, the role of tourism-related workers in regional volcanic disaster prevention has increased in Japan. The coexistence of tourism with disaster mitigation is important in keeping residents

visitors safe in protecting livelihoods. This paper analyzes responses tourists tourism workers on their receipt of volcanic hazard information. Awareness of this hazard is developing in the tourism industry. Information of expert such as members of the JMA volcanologists at universities institutes were considered more reliable sources of information than others. However, a direct access to experts’ information was not considered easy. Respondents’ recognition of the past hazards of Zao Volcano future hazard factors were almost accurate. Some tourism-related workers hoped to obtain volcanic hazard information the experts to provide to their customers. Many respondents had excessive expectations for predicting an eruption. A few were able to accept the uncertainties associated with volcano warnings status reports. Experts need to provide adequate explanations of scientific evidence the associated scientific uncertainties before society can readily accept eruption warnings. Furthermore, in an emergency, it is necessary to make available accurate information specialized agencies experts, promptly provide them to tourism companies.

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The effects of grazing or exercise in the middle of the fattening period on the growth

carcass traits of Japanese Shorthorn (JS) steers were investigated. JS steers were assigned to three groups: G (grazed), E (exercised), B (barn-kept cattle). In the treatment period, group G was kept in the pasture, while groups B E were confined to individual pens indoors at night, stayed in a paddock during the day. In addition, group E was made to walk 4.0 km in the evening, five days a week. After the treatment, all the steers were housed kept the same way as group B. The steers were slaughtered at 24 - 25 months of age. Group G exhibited a lower average daily gain (ADG) than groups B E during the treatment period. Conversely, group G showed significantly higher ADG than the other two groups during the post-treatment period. Carcass weight for group G was smaller than those for the non-grazed counterparts. Groups G E exhibited larger (p < 0.05) proportions of liver spleen weights to weight than those of group B. Group G also showed larger proportions of biceps femoris quadriceps femoris muscles to carcass weight than those of group B. Group G exhibited a smaller ratio of fat a larger ratio of muscle in the transverse section of the sixth rib, respectively, than those of group B. These results suggest that grazing or exercise in the middle of the fattening period affect growth in the late fattening period, the carcass traits of JS steers even after being kept indoors for more than half a year.

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This study aimed to determine how college sports team identifications university identifications of college sports media viewers differ depending on the presence or absence of play-by-play announcements commentary. The participants in the experiment were 115 students University A. A screening survey was conducted to confirm that these were essential attributes, resulting in 58 57 participants in the groups with commentary without commentary, respectively. We conducted an Internet survey with these two groups of experimental participants before after watching videos of the games. The results showed that only the group with commentary demonstrated improvements in the “public evaluation” of the college sports team university identification (College sports team: F (1, 113) = 5.28, p < .05; University: F (1, 113) = 5.28, p < .05).

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Sabin type 1 vaccine was given to 292, 316 children, 3 months to 6 years of age, during the polio type 1 epidemic in Japan in 1961. Study areas were selected in Hokkaido, Fukuoka Kumamoto Prefectures. Of 66, 780, 193, 505, 121, 235 children in those age groups residing in the study areas, 61.3, 79.8 79.8% respectively, were vaccinated. Interpretation of the data was complicated by the fact that these field trials were followed 2 or 3 weeks later by a nationwide mass vaccination with Sabin trivalent vaccine.
No side reactions of any consequence were observed, nor did any parents complain of unusual reactions. A sharp decline in morbidity was observed after vaccination in Fukuoka, Kumamoto other Prefectures in Kyushu. Of significance is the finding that the delay in the sharp decline corresponded to the delay in the vaccination. This was also the case when the morbidity data in the study areas were compared with those in the remaining areas in Fukuoka Kumamoto Prefectures. These findings suggest that the vaccination with Sabin vaccine interfered with further progress of the epidemic, although it is possible that this time relationship was merely fortuitous. Because of the nationwide mass vaccination, the morbidity data used for comparison between the vaccinated unvaccinated children in the study areas had to be limited to those obtained during the period between those two vaccination programs. The morbidity in the vaccinated children was much lower than in the unvaccinated children. Since those two groups of children were comparable regarding the age distribution various environmental conditions but were not comparable regarding the history of Salk vaccination, a further comparison in morbidity was made after the children were divided by the Salk vaccination history, resulting in confirmation of the above finding. However, it seems difficult to draw a definitive conclusion those data, because of the limited number of cases.

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T (rct) marker tests were carried out with a total of 364 strains, including 195 type 1, 51 type 2 118 type 3 poliovirus strains. Type 1 type 2 strains were shown to be predominantly T^- in 82 77 %, respectively, a few (1 6 %) were T⁺ strains, whereas type 3 strains were T^- at a low ratio of 25 % while 41 % thereof were T⁺. These findings indicate that, concerning the T marker, Sabin's type 1 type 2 viruses are relatively stable, whereas the type 3 virus is rather unstable. Change d^- to d^± or d⁺ of Sabin's vaccine viruses was also shown to be frequent; d^-, d^± d⁺ strains were found in 23, 21 56 %, respectively, among 105 type 1 strains; in 15, 22 63% among 40 type 2 strains; in 17, 17 65% among 52 type 3 strains.
These findings obviously indicate that the vaccine viruses do not remain con-stant genetically after multiplication in human beings. In relation to the safety of the vaccine, this information is of importance merely in the sense that the results of the marker tests are of value in selecting the strains for the neurovirulence test in monkeys, which supplies further information on the change in virulence of the vaccine viruses after human passages. It is evident, however, that the ultimate safety of the vaccine rests upon a long-term vigilance on the outcome of its use in the field.

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Two methods of administration of Sabin vaccine were investigated in 474 infants mostly 0 to 8 months of age, with two levels of dose, 10^5.0 10^6.0 TCID₅₀. In Method 1, monovalent type 1, divalent types 2 3, trivalent vaccine, were administered in this order, in Method 2, trivalent vaccine was given twice; the interval between consecutive feedings was 6 to 8 weeks, Immunization at the age of 3 months or later by Method 1 was shown to be most effective , in this case, 10^5.0 TCID₅₀ dose was as satisfactory as 10^6.0 TCID₅₀ dose. The most suitable time for the first feeding of vaccine is considered to be about 3 months after birth. In spite of inferior effectiveness to Method 1, Method 2 is considered to be practically satisfactory enough in infants over 3 months of age, particularly so because the method is less complicated.

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Monovalent vaccine was fed to about 3, 000 children in the order of types 1, 3, 2 at 4week intervals. The results obtained confirm the effectiveness the safety of the vaccine. Vaccinees demonstrated excellent antibody response to each type of vaccine. Heterotypic antibody response was shown in some vaccinees. Vaccine viruses readily spread to children coming in contact with vaccinees, resulting in a high incidence of seroconversion almost comparable to that obtained among vaccinees, although the viruses spread more readily among children in nurseries than among home dwelling children. None of the vaccinees developed any serious illness no evidence was found to prove that any of the symptoms observed in some vaccinees was attributable to the vaccine virus. Clinical observation of the contacts gave no evidence for untoward clinical reaction. Vaccine viruses were readily isolated stools of the vaccinees contacts for several weeks. Concurrent infection of the intestinal tract with non-polio enteroviruses was shown to exert significant inhibitory effect on infection of the vaccine viruses hence on antibody response. Pre-existing antibodies, heterotypic or homotypic, reduced the rate of virus excretion after vaccination, but did not significantly affect antibody response.

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The studies carried out through the organization of the Japan Poliovaccine Research Commission in 1961 1962 have provided data necessary for planning prosecution of the vaccination program. The results will be reported in detail in the following papers. To facilitate the understanding each of the studies, general summary of the studies is given as follows:
It was amply confirmed that Sabin oral poliovaccine has excellent immunogenicity is quite safe. The vaccine employed in these studies was shown to have a minimal neurovirulence in monkeys as Sabin prescribed. No significant adverse clinical reactions were observed in vaccinees who were carefully observed. The vaccine viruses proliferated in the intestinal tract in a high percentage of vaccinees a marked production of neutralizing antibodies against each of the three types of poliovirus was induced. Mass inoculation in the face of epidemic accomplished a dramatic decline of cases within a short period of time. Extremely rare cases with possible association with the vaccine were found among clinical cases occurring following the vaccination. In those cases the possibility of etiologic association of the vaccine virus could be neither denied nor con-firmed. It should be noted that the use of the vaccine was found to be very convenient practical the view point of public health administration.
Based on the results obtained by the two-year activity of the commission the subsequent studies on various aspects of the vaccination, a routine vaccination program with oral poliovaccine as well as the surveillance system of poliomyelitis cases were established, the data so far accumulated indicate that eradication of poliomyelitis this country seems very promising.

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