「ジェンダー論的まなざしと身体のゆらぎ」を主題とする特集の一論考に位置づけられる本稿は、まず、スポーツ・ジェンダー研究がこれまで「まなざし」を直接的にどのよう論じてきたのかを明らかにするため、スポーツのメディア表象を対象とした先行研究を手がかりとする。スポーツ・ジェンダー研究のメディア批評は、これまでメディアの送り手を「男の眼差し」と措定し、女性アスリートの女性性を強調するメディアのジェンダー・バイアスを批判してきた。この「男の眼差し」は、「見る男性」と「見られる女性」という非対称な関係図式に基づくものであるが、インターネットの普及やスポーツ・マーケティングの席巻などにより、「男の眼差し」を論拠とする視座では捉えきれない現象――消費し「見る」女性、「見られる」男性――が広がっている。多様な現象を捉えず、スポーツ・ジェンダー研究が「男の眼差し」を採用するならば、それは皮肉にも、男女の非対称な二元化を批判してきたスポーツ・ジェンダー研究が、その二元化に固執しているという「まなざし」を詳らかにしてしまう。
　今日のスポーツ界は、多様化し、錯綜し、階層化している。それを顕著に例証しているのが、セクシュアル・マイノリティの位置づけである。一部のセクシュアル・マイノリティは、厳密な条件の下にオリンピックへの出場が許可されるようになった。しかしそれは、セクシュアル・マイノリティを包摂する規定のようでありながら、物質的な身体の改変・加工を強要するものであった。またそれは、政治的、文化的、経済的な力によって左右され、セクシュアル・マイノリティの階層化を招く可能性がある。ジェンダーとそれ以外の因子とが複雑に絡まり合ったスポーツ界を批評するために、ジェンダー論的「まなざし」の重要性と精緻化がこれまで以上に求められている。

 The process of modernization and

 The purpose of this paper is to clarify the diversity of “reflexive cooperation” by social minorities, and its difference depending on population scale, by focusing on offline meetings as cases which the partitions of majority and minority were projected. There were two investigations and following was obtained:

 1) The types of reflexive cooperation by social minorities

 Firstly, by extracting and categorizing the narratives of the participants' characteristics from the information of offline meetings in the Tokyo metropolitan area, it was found that there were nine factors that defined the image of the participants: Age, Sex, Place of residence or territory of origin, History of immigration, State of mind, Characteristics of the body, State of kinship or state of love, Employment status, and Hobby or interest.

 Secondly, by extracting and categorizing the narratives about the purpose of the event, it was found that there were seven motivations for reflexive cooperation. By analyzing the relationship between participants and motivations, it was found that there were five directions of reflexive cooperation: Cooperation to build relationships on local or thematic, Cooperation in resolving alienation caused by the characteristics and changes in the work environment, Cooperation with the theme of migration experiences and hobbies, with the aim of escaping the usual interpersonal roles, Cooperation to escape from relationships that are rigid due to one's age, mental, physical, intimate, or work environment, and Cooperation that organizes itself as an escape from the local, family, or love that no other cooperation can satisfy.

 2) Difference of reflexive cooperation in number depending on population scale

 Thirdly, an analysis of relations between information about offline meetings and population in county seat locations revealed that the number of reflexive cooperation increases in proportion to population, and that the watershed on whether a variety of reflexive cooperation will try is between cities of 1 million and 400,000 people. It turns out that this depends on whether the participants attempt reflexive cooperation on: History of immigration, State of mind, Characteristics of the body, State of kinship or state of love, and Employment status.

 In conclusion, cities with less than 400,000 people must take measures to include social minorities who face the partition identified by this paper in a different way than the spontaneously organized offline meetings. Considering the limitations of both anonymity and planned inclusion, such as "a place for community," is an urgent task for today's urban planning.

This report provides an overview of the effectiveness of objectively measured physical activity, sports participation, and outdoor play on outcomes related to mental health and social skills in children and adolescents. Findings based on observation studies of longitudinal and cross-sectional design are inconsistent. On the other hand, several intervention studies with high intensity exercise programs indicated that intensity and amount of physical activity might provide a short-term benefit against depressive symptoms and anxiety. However, there are reports that psychosocial approaches confer effects similar to exercise programs. The effects of participation in organized sports clubs on mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, self-esteem, self-efficacy, health-related quality of life, social skills (e.g., relationship skills), and coping ability were diverse. Notably, there could be unfavorable relationships in athletes exhibiting a higher performance. Meanwhile, participation in sports could represent a predictor of escalation in alcohol use as evidenced by longitudinal observation studies in adolescent, although there could also be effectiveness in terms of preventing use of illicit drugs. Lastly, active outdoor play under natural conditions without supervision also represented an effective approach to promote mental health (e.g., reducing depressive symptoms and building social skills such as self-regulation and coping skills in the face of difficult human relationships). We recognize that not only sports participation but also outdoor play under abundant nature environment could represent a significant physical activity to maintain mental and social health from childhood to adolescence.