India is facing increasing water stress due to population growth, increase in water demand, vulnerability from climate change
and
deterioration in water quality from domestic as well as industrial
and
agricultural pollution loads. India occupies about 2.45% of the world area
and
has a 5% share of the global fresh water resources
and
with this share of vital natural resources approximately 16.87% of the world population is to be catered. Currently the population of India is a little over 1 billion
and
it is expected to reach a figure of approximately 1.5 billion by the year 2050. The water availability per capita per year at present is 1730.6 CM (m
3)
and
has almost reached to water stressed (<1700 CM) conditions.
Despite the tremendous economic development
and
growth of industries
and
service sectors, the livelihood of approximately 68% of the Indian population depends on agriculture directly or indirectly. More than 70% of its population lives in rural areas although there is an increasing trend of urbanization in the last two decades. Irrigation water accounts for approximately 90% of the total utilization of water resources. India stands at a crossroads in institutional options for natural resources management at the local
and
village levels. The emphasis on future options like watershed development through participatory approaches coupled with sustainability issues is now widely recognized as a potential approach for vitalizing the rural economy.
Climate variability in India in terms of rainfall
and
temperature has noticeable spatial
and
temporal variations. Even after achieving full irrigation potential from surface
and
sub-surface water resources, a major portion of cultivated area shall remains rainfed. Furthermore, the conditions may deteriorate with severity of droughts
and
intensity of flash floods under a climate change scenario. In this article different measures for
soil
moisture conservation through rainwater harvesting on a watershed basis in problematic Laterite, coastal saline
and
hill zones of West Bengal State of India are discussed.
Although in recent years, both Government
and
Non-Government Organizations have stepped up their efforts in water conservation by rainwater harvesting on a watershed basis through a participatory approach, the Government of India's Commitment to Participatory Irrigation Management (
PIM
) with the help of Water Users Associations (WUAs) needs to be strengthened through adoption of a framework from the state level down to the village level. An attempt is made in this article to highlight some key factors in the structural framework as well as in the operation domain of
PIM
involving WUA from the Indian perspective.
抄録全体を表示