For C^*-algebras A and B, we investigate necessary and sufficient conditions for which the Fubini product A⊗_FB coincides with the ordinary minimal tensor product A⊗B. As an application of our methods, we also give several necessary and sufficient conditions for C^*-exactness.

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An Adaptive switching control scheme is proposed for a planar gantry crane. The length of the crane cable is subject to change in different operating conditions. Based on this control scheme, the control to the planar gantry crane can be switched among several controllers, each designed for a different fixed-length nominal model. Each “fixed-length controller” consists of double loops, one of which is a state feedback controller, and another one is a nonlinear controller aimed to compensate the unknown friction. An “unknown-input observer” is designed to estimate the state variables in order to avoid the influence of the unknown friction. The stability of each “fixed-length controller” is guaranteed by Lyapunov's direct method. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

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Purpose: Prognosis of dental implant therapy after placement is commonly dependent on the efficient bonding of titanium implant and jaw bone. Simvastatin (), which is a classic antihyperlipidemic drug, has been remarkably attracted in dental region since it was reported that has bone regeneration effect, and thus, has been expected as the compound to support dental implant therapy. In this study, we aimed for the development of simvastatin-loaded gelatin/hydroxyapatite spherical granules (/GE/HAP) using spheronizer (Marumerizer) for efficient dental implant therapy. Methods: Preparation of /GE/HAP: /GE/HAP was prepared using spheronizer for producing on a large scale. Characterization of /GE/HAP: The surface morphology of the /GE/HAP was visualized using a scanning electron microscope. In vitro drug release in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or simulated body fluid (SBF): The /GE/HAP was determined by UV-VIS spectrometer. To understand the mechanism of release from the /GE/HAP, the results of in vitro release profiles were fitted to a mathematical model. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) profile of /GE/HAP was measured by powder X-ray diffractometer to evaluate the composition and crystallinity of the granules before and after in vitro release test. Results: The /GE/HAP in SBF exhibited sustainable release profile for 1 week. In contrast, the /GE/ HAP in PBS released approximately 60% within 1 week. These results mean that /GE/HAP implanted in the body can release until the implant is attached with jaw bone. The XRD spectrum of /GE/HAP after the release test in SBF was characteristics of HAP. On the other hand, The XRD spectrum of /GE/ HAP after the release test in PBS showed most parts of granule bulk did not transform into HAP. Conclusion: The results showed that /GE/HAP prepared using spheronizer could release continuously and has a potential to promote the local bone regeneration. Keywords: Bone regeneration, Simvastatin, Hydroxy apatite, Drug delivery system, Controlled release

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This study was taken up for the purpose of clearing up the state of the central nervous system affected with lead. I Methods Nine chronically lead-poisoned patients of the age ranging from 18 to 30 years and seven normal clerical employees of the age ranging from 23 to 29 years were chosen at lead smelting works and the examinations were performed as follows: (1) Blood specific gravity, (2) Hemoglobin, (3) Microhematocrit, (4) Basophillic stippled cells, (5) Lead in the whole blood, (6) 24 hours' excretion of urine, (7) Coproporphyrin, (8) Lead in the urine (9) Bluish line along the gums, (10) Subjective symptoms, and (11) EEG and their frequency analysis. II Results 1. The results of the examinations which were statistically significant between the lead poisoned group and the control group are as follows: Microhematocrit, hemoglobin, basophillic stippled cells, lead in the whole blood and in the urine, coproporphyrin, and bluish line along the gums. 2. As to the results of EEG and their frequency analysis of the lead poisoned group, increases of 4&;6 c/s and decreases of 8&;12 c/s and 12&;16 s/c were recognised. The amplitude of EEG of the lead poisoned group was lower than that of the control group. 3. As regards the relation between these examinations and the distribution of EEG frequencies; 1) Increases of 4&;6 c/s and decreases of 12&;16 c/s in the Ht 39.0&;43.3% group were recognised in comparison with the Ht 43.7&;47.4% group. 2) Increases of 4&;6 c/s and decreases of 12&;16 c/s and 16&;20 c/s were recognised in the group of which the lead concentration in the whole blood showed the poisoning level. 3) Increases of 4&;6 c/s and decreases of 12&;16 c/s in the coproporphyrin positive group were recognised. 4) Increases of 4&;6 c/s and decreases of 8&;12 c/s, 12&;16 c/s and 16&;20 c/s were recognised in the group of which the lead concentration in the unine showed the poisoning level. These changes of EEG were statistically significant, and from the relation between those results of examinations and the distribution of EEG frequencies, chronic diffuse changes of the central nervous system in the chronically lead-poisoned group have been briefly discussed.

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In this paper, we investigate a combination scheme of subcarrier intensity-modulation () with spatial modulation (SM) for optical wireless communication. Using computer simulation, the performances of the proposed /SM scheme are investigated and compared with those of the conventional scheme in the additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) as well as in outdoor environment with turbulence induced fading characteristics. Numerical results show that the proposed /SM scheme can outperform the conventional in an environment with different spectral efficiencies. When the spectral efficiency is varied from 2bits/s/Hz to 4bits/s/Hz, an Eb/N0 gain of 2dB to 5dB is achieved, when the bit error rate of 10^-5 is maintained. It shows that the employment of SM may further improve the power efficiency of , when the number of subcarriers increases according to the spectral efficiency. When the spectral efficiency is 4bits/s/Hz, the /SM scheme for 0.5 of log-irradiance variance in the log-normal turbulence channel shows the same performance as with variance of 0.3. This means that the /SM can be an alternative choice in even worse environments.

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[Purpose] This study aimed to clarify the differences in regional lung volume between the semi-prone (’s position) and side-lying position, and the optimal position for increasing lung volume. [Methods] Measurements were performed in both positions on both sides. ’s position was inclined 45° forward from the side-lying position. A 1.5-T system with a fast advanced spin-echo sequence in the coronal plane was used for magnetic resonance imaging. [Results] The two positions did not significantly differ in total lung capacity and its subdivisions on both sides, except the left lung in the right side-lying position and right ’s position. In the nondependent lung, the percentage lung volume of the dorsal segment was significantly higher in the right ’s position than in the right side-lying position. However, no significant difference was observed between the left side-lying and left ’s position. [Conclusion] The heart was displaced ventrally by gravity in ’s position and leaned on the ventral parapet. The spaces for the expansion of the ventral and dorsal segments of the lung were decreased and increased in ’s position, respectively. With a nondependent left lung, the increase in the percentage lung volume of the dorsal segment was greater in ’s position than in the side-lying position.

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In Exp. I, the ORE (overlearning reversal effect) was investigated on a conditional successive brightness discrimination (CD-S) task. The 50-trial-overtrained (50-OT) group and the 150-OT group tended to learn reversal faster than the control group (N-OT). In Exp. II, 64 rats were trained on a simultaneous discrimination (-D) task, and after zero or 100 OT trials, they were shifted to conditional simultaneous discrimination (CS-D). A 2 (brightness -D vs. rough-smooth -D)×2 (same vs. different relevant cue between -D and CS-D) design was adopted. CS-D learning was facilitated by OT only when the relevant cue was the same between -D and CS-D. These results supported 2-stage theory.

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In order to clarify (1) the most suitable sound level for hearing BGM and (2) suppression of noise by BGM, I studied the influences of background music (BGM) on EEG and pulse and respiration rates. Subjects were seven health men ranging in age from 20 to 26 years. They attended to 3 experimental sessions on 3 different days. On the first day they were exposed for 1 hour to (1) BGM 50&;60 db, (2) BGM 60&;70db, and (3) BGM 70&;80db respectively. On the second day to (1) white noise 90 db, (2) white noise 90 db+BGM 70&;80 db, and (3) white noise 90 db+BGM 80&;90 db. And on the third day to (1) white noise 65 db, (2) white noise 65 db+ BGM 50&;60db, (3) white noise 60 db+BGM 60&;70 db, and (4) white noise 65 db+BGM 70&;80 db, for 30 minutes respectively. The subjects sat in an electrically shielded and sound-proof chamber which was kept at a constant temperature and humidity. EEG from left and right frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital areas were recorded monopolarly by a 12-channel electroencephalograph. The EEG was visually evaluated except that the alpha wave from the occipital area was measured. At the same time pulse and respiration rates were recorded. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The alpha wave more increased with BGM 50&;70 db than without BGM, but it decreased with BGM70&;80 db significantly. 2) In comparison between white noise 90 db and white noise 90 db+BGM 70&;80 db, the alpha wave of the examinees increased significantly in the latter. 3) In comparison between white noise 65 db and white noise 65 db+BGM 70&;80 db, the latter produced a significant increase of the alpha wave. 4) Pulse and respiration rates increased with stimuli of either white noise or BGM, but the pulse rate tended to decrease more with white noise+BGM stimuli than with mere white noise. 5) BGM seems to be effective on the human body with its proper use.

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This paper deals with the improvement of OHC- which is a simulation package for the design of an oil-hydraulic circuit and analysis of its dynamic characteristics. To make the design and improvement processes of an oil-hydraulic circuit more effective and systematic, OHC- was developed with the support of JHPS (the Japan Hydraulics and Pneumatics Society). It has been improved and enhanced in the research committee of JHPS. It includes a user friendly graphical user interface in Windows 95® environment, and provides easy design and improvement of an oil-hydraulic circuit on the basis of simulated dynamic behavior by a personal computer. In this paper, the structure of the oil-hydraulic component icon and how to connect component icons in OHC- are emphasized, and have been improved to make OHC- more useful. In addition, through examples, the main features of OHC- are shown.

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Purpose Osteoporosis is a progressive and debilitating metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration leading to increased bone fragility. Carbonated hydroxyapatite cement can be a potential biomaterial to be used as a drug carrier. We reported previously that sustainable release of simvastatin () from poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) formulations could induce bone formation. The aim of this study was to develop a -loaded PLGA microspheres (SPMs)/self-setting carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHAP) composite, and investigate the effect of released from that composite in comparison with a /CHAP composite used as a control. Methods SPMs were prepared by O/W emulsion technique. The self-setting CHAP cements were fabricated using the cement powder consisted of tetraclcium phosphate (TTCP), dicalcium phosphate dehydrate (DCPD) and NaHCO3. The release from SPMs, /CHAP and SPMs/CHAP cement composite scaffolds in simulated body fluid solution were determined by UV spectrometer. Cell proliferation was determined using WST-8 assay. SPMs, /CHAP and SPMs/CHAP cement composite scaffolds were put into 96 well plate. MC3T3-E1 cells were seeded at 5.0 × 103 cells/well and cultured for 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks. In addition, alkaline phosphatase activity was evaluated after 7, 14, 21 days culture. Results X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results showed most parts of the cement bulk powder transformed into carbonated hydroxyapatite. The SPMs and SPMs/CHAP were able to produce sustained release of for 1 month, whereas the /CHAP released for 2 weeks. The proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells on the SPLGAMs/CHAP showed no significant difference in comparison with the /CHAP. However, the SPLGAMs/CHAP significantly increased alkaline phosphate activity, a differentiation marker of MC3T3-E1 cells, compared with the /CHAP. Conclusion This study showed that the SPLGAMs/CHAP could release sustainably and induce proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 more effectively than the /CHAP.

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This paper describes an NC Simulator GP / based on a newly proposed 3 D-solid model. The main purposes of GP / are to precheck an NC data by using the simulation techniques and then to make the expected production period shorten. GP / proposes a new theory of a hierarchy solid modeling (CSG model) and also developed new algorithms to simulate the aspect of machining. Therefore, GP / is able to verify throughout the machining process beforehand. After the development of the system, whole of algorithms and theories were confirmed on engineering work station and real machining shop.

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OHC- is a simulation package for design of an oil-hydraulic circuit and analysis of its dynamic characteristics. To make the design and the improvement processes of an oil-hydraulic circuit more effective and systematic, OHC- had been developed with the support of JFPS and has been enhanced in the research committee in JFPS. OHC- is executable on personal computers in Windows® environment, and provides easy design and improvement of an oil-hydraulic circuit based on the simulated results. However, in order to enhance the use of OHC-, it is desirable that the simulation of the dynamic characteristics of a pneumatic circuit becomes executable on OHC-. In this study, to enhance OHC- to the simulation of a pneumatic circuit, the bond-graph models for pneumatic components are discussed. And, by using the user-customized function, these bond-graph models are registered to OHC-, and the simulation of dynamic characteristics of a pneumatic circuit is carried out.

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In this paper, facilities location model based on Spatial Interaction Models () is concerned. Initially outlines of and location problem based on are described. Secondly, a new model of which is developed from Non-constraint type of is proposed. In this model a new concept Maximum Realized Demand is applied. Next a location problem to maximize the sum of realized demand is proposed which is based on developed . A method of solution based on Stochastic Descent Method and Stochastic Approximation Method is presented, and the effectiveness of presented method is confirmed through numerical analyses. Finally, 3 simulations of optimal location analyses are shown, and characteristics of presented location model are examined.

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We developed a new solid immersion mirror () for near-field optical data storage. The has plano-convex shape similar to a single lens. Through an aperture of ∼300 nm in diameter on the focal point of the surface, bit-data recording onto a photochromic thin film was realized. Size of the written spot was ∼300 nm, the same as the aperture diameter. This was the first report of writing data using a with a small aperture.

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  The composition, abundance, and species richness of epiphytic communities on Quercus faginea Lam., Quercus pyrenaica Willd., and Quercus rotundifolia Lam. was examined in native woodlands in distinct sites of Centre and Northern Portugal, included in the Natura 2000 Network. The dependence upon a number of environmental variables was investigated in thirteen sites in Portugal. Sixty one bryophytes (50 mosses, 11 liverworts) were found in the plots along thirteen sites. Multivariate analysis was used to examine the epiphytic bryophyte composition of these woodlands. Relationships between bryophyte and lichen community composition, climate and stational variables were examined using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). The total biodiversity found in the sites surveyed, including branches and other phorophytes associated with Quercus spp. was about 111 bryophyte taxa.

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For a higher sensitivity, the parameters of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring (LC-MS-) using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) were examined. The scan-range means the range of atomic mass unit which was scanned at the center of an established value. The sampling-point-number means the number of measurement points within the scan-range. The counting-number means the number of the data acquisition per measurement point. The area and height of a peak as sensitivity, the full width half maximum (FWHM) and the actual scan-time which was required for the scanning were measured. The plant hormone, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was used as a standard chemical. The suitable parameters for higher sensitivity on the measurement limit level were as follows: 1) The scan-time might correspond to the value of FWHM. 2) The counting-number was over about 7,000. 3) The scan-range might correspond to a decimal fraction of the molecular weight of the sample substance. The results showed that the value obtained from repeated sampling-point-number was a total amount, that the value obtained from repeated counting-number was a mean and that there were no loss of time on repetitions of the sampling-point-number and the counting-number.

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減衰性２次元Navier-Stokes乱流の新しい自己相似理論を提唱した．この理論は高Reynolds数状態の時には，Chasvov(1997)やDas et al. (2001)によって数値実験的に発見された減衰法則を与え，特定の低いReynolds数の時には，Chasnov & Herring (1998)によって提唱された減衰法則を与える．また，非粘性の場合にはBatchelor(1969)によって提唱された減衰則が導かれる．

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