Samples of tropospheric and stratospheric air were collected on aircraft flights between October 4 and October 13, 1976. The region of the atmosphere surveyed was over the North American continent (approximately 18°N to 65°N latitude). Samples were obtained at heights ranging from about 3, 000ft. to 45, 000ft. Measurements of N₂O, CF₂Cl₂, CFCl₃, CH₃CCl₃, and CCl₄ were made by GC/EC techniques, and of CH₃Cl by GC/MS. The latitudinal and height profiles of these trace gases are reported in this paper. Calculations based on these measurements yield the following average tropospheric concentrations: [N₂O]=(330±2) ppb v, [CF₂Cl₂]=(236±7) ppt v, [CFCl₃]=(140±5) ppt v, [CH₃CCl₃]=(145±25) ppt v, and [CCl₄]=(134±9) ppt v (where the ± values are the standard deviations). The N₂O mixing ratio decreases only slightly in the lower stratosphere. CF₂Cl₂ and CFCl₃ mixing ratios decrease by about 10% and 15% respectively, within 4km above the tropopause. CCl₄ mixing ratio declines by about 50% within 4km above the tropopause. CH₃CCl₃ mixing ratios also show a sharp decline above the tropopause, similar to that of CCl₄. CH₃Cl on the other hand displays almost no change in mixing ratio between the free troposphere and the lower stratosphere.

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The effects of tropomyosin and the three components of troponin on the Mg²⁺-activated ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activity of reconstituted actomyosin were studied over a wide range of MgATP concentrations (0.002-1mM) in 40mM KCl at pH 7.2 and 25°C. The following results were obtained.
1. In the absence of tropomyosin, each of the two components of troponin with molecular weights of 23, 000 (TN-I) and 37, 000 (TN-P) activated the ATPase activity of actomyosin at MgATP concentrations above 0.1mM and inhibited it below 0.1mM. A mixture of both the components activated the ATPase activity considerably at MgATP concentrations above 0.04-0.05mM and inhibited it slightly below 0.04mM. These effects on ATPase were unaffected by Ca²⁺. The component of troponin with a molecular weight of 19, 000 (TN-C) neutralized both the activating and inhibitory activities of TN-I, TN-P or a mixture of these two components, regardless of the Ca²⁺ concentration, although TN-C alone had no effect on the ATPase activity of actomyosin.
3. In the presence of tropomyosin, TN-I inhibited the ATPase activity irrespective of the Ca²⁺ concentration, so that it reduced the concentration at which MgATP became inhibitory for the ATPase, to the level obtained with the complete relaxing protein system in the absence of Ca²⁺, while TN-C had no effect on the ATPase activity even in the presence of tropomyosin. In the presence of tropomyosin, TN-P slightly inhibited the ATPase activity at low concentrations of MgATP but activated it at high concentrations of MgATP.
4. When TN-C was added to the TN-I-tropomyosin system, the Ca²⁺-sensitivity of the ATPase of actomyosin was only incompletely restored, since the inhibitory effect of the TN-C-TN-I-tropomyosin system in the absence of Ca²⁺ was weak, and since the ATPase was not activated in the presence of Ca²⁺ and at high concentrations of MgATP. The inhibitory activity of the TN-I-tropomyosin system was unaffected by addition of TN-P. When the TN-P-TN-C-tropomyosin system was added to actomyosin, Ca²⁺-sensitivity of the ATPase was also observed, but the ATPase activity at high MgATP concentrations was higher in the absence of Ca²⁺ than in its presence.
5. The relaxing protein activities were completely reproduced, only when tropomyosin and all the three components of troponin were added to actomyosin.

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Interaction of troponin I, one of the components of the calcium receptive protein complex of muscle, troponin, and F-actin was investigated with a number of physicochemical techniques. At concentrations of KC1 between 0.03 and 0.06 M and at pH 6.5-8.5, F-actin formed a complex with troponin I and produced an easily precipitable aggregate. Flow birefringence studies suggested that troponin I formed a large nonbirefringent aggregate of F-actin. In the presence of a small amount of troponin I (up to20% of F-actin by weight), F-actin could be dispersed into shorter particles after sonication. The Mg-activated ATPase [EC 3. 6. 1. 3] activity of actomyosin was considerably enhanced by troponin I in0.05-0.08 M KC1 at pH 8.0-9.0, where the onset of superprecipitation of actomyosin was accerelated by troponin I. Electron microscopic observations revealed that the troponin I-F-actin complex was in the shape of a bundle consisting of a number of pairs of F-actin filaments (twin structure) as unit.The double stranded structure of F-actin in the twin structure was verified by optical diffraction and filtering examinations. The both end of the bundle were sharply vertical to the long axis of the bundle. When tropomyosin was added to F-actin solution before the addition of troponin I, the 400 Å periodicity was occasionally detected. Thus it is concluded that troponin I can be bound not only to tropomyosin but also directly to F-actin.

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A household dehumidifier was used to collect the moisture from air without the need of air pump and desiccants. The continuously collected water samples were enriched by alkaline electrolytic method and the concentration of tritium was measured by a liquid scintillation counting system. The minimum detectable concentration of this method was 30pCi/l·water (0.48pCi/m³·air) which is much lower than the enriched tritium concentration of the environmental air samples. To observe the influence of the 25th nuclear denotation of mainland China on the atmospheric tritium concentration of Taiwan, 73 samples were continuously collected and measured in Kaohsiung. Data showed that the variation of tritium concentrations in the atmosphere were in good agreement with the variation of meteorological conditions. This showed that the developed method was available and reliable for the measurement of tritium concentration in the atmospheric water vapor.

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ネズミの尾の腱から取りだしたコラーゲン線維の熱収縮にともなう構造変化を, X線小角散乱法によって研究し,コラーゲン線維のトロポコラーゲンのレベルでの構造変化を示すモデルを提案した。コラーゲン線維に円筒対称パターソン関数を適用して,ギャップとオーバーラップ領域の交互の繰り返しからなるトロポコラーゲン分子の集合の構造の変化を調べ,巨視的な寸法変化と比較した。
200°C以上で熱処理したとき,ギャップ領域の長さは繰り返し単位の長さよりも急速に縮み,巨視的な寸法の急激な短縮をもたらし,ほぼ線維軸方向に向いていたコラーゲン分子はその配向を乱す。コラーゲンの構造変化に大きい影響をもつトロポコラーゲン分子間架橋密度は, 8.0M LiBrとHO(CH₂CH₂O)₂CH₃の等モル混合溶液で膨潤させた試料の平衡応力-伸長関係の測定から求めた。熱収縮および力学的延伸の機構への,コラーゲン線維の架橋の重要な役割が,微視的および巨視的な構造変化を考えるとき留意されるべきである。

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1) We investigated the interactions between troponin C and troponin T, and between calmodulin and troponin T, in the presence of Ca²⁺ and Sr²⁺. Polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions and ultracentrifugation methods was used to examine the interactions. Calmodulin and skeletal troponin C bound to skeletal troponin T only in the presence of bivalent cations, whereas calmodulin and cardiac troponin C bound to cardiac troponin T in both the presence and absence of bivalent cations. 2) Skeletal troponin C bound to the skeletal troponin T-tropomyosin-actin complex only in the presence of bivalent cations, although cardiac troponin C hardly bound to the cardiac troponin T-tropomyosin-actin complex even in the presence of bivalent cations. 3) Calmodulin bound to the skeletal and cardiac troponin T-tropomyosin-actin complexes only in the presence of bivalent cations. 4) Trifluoperazine, a calmodulin antagonist, inhibited the bivalentcation-dependent interaction between calmodulin and skeletal troponin T. 5) The results suggest that the conformation of cardiac troponin T coupled with the tropomyosin-actin complex differs considerably from that of troponin T alone, and that the interaction between troponin C and troponin T does not play a major role in the troponin regulation of muscle contraction. The bivalent-cation-induced exposure of the hydrophobic region may enable calmodulin to bind to skeletal troponin T.

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Smooth muscle of chicken embryonic gizzards has been shown to contain 9 tropomyosin isoforms (E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7, E8, and E9) in addition to α and β isoforms (Hosoya et al.(1989) J. Biochem. 105, 712-717). At the early stages of development, the amount of these isoforms was larger than those of α and β isoforms. However, they gradually decreased at later stages and finally disappeared completely after hatching. By using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and an image analyzing system, we examined the process of tropomyosin accumulation in gizzard smooth muscle development. The accumulation patterns of tropomyosin isoforms and their relative molar ratios to actin in embryonic development were different from those in the stages after hatching. The relative molar ratio of tropomyosin to actin in the thin filament preparation of embryonic gizzards was lower than that of adult, and it gradually increased in the course of embryonic development.

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In order to clarify the characteristic features of arterial contractile protein, natural actomyosin (myosin B), myosin A, actin and native tropomyosin were extracted from bovine carotid arteries and their characteristic features were compared with those from bovine cardiac muscle and from rabbit's skeletal muscle. In this study, the following points were clarified: l) Arterial contractile protein mainly consisted of myosin A, actin and native tropomyosin, regulatory protein respondent to Ca²⁺ just as having been observed in those from striated muscle. 2) Arterial myosin A, actin and native tropomyosin possessed the similar features characteristic of myosin A, act-in and native tropomyosin from striated muscle, respectively, as shown with following items; effect of divalent cations on ATP-ase activity of myosin A, G&nrarr;F transformation in actin the formation of "arrow-head structure" m F-actin by reaction with arterial and skeletal H-meromyosins and the demonstration of the intraction of myosin A and F-actin with regardless of their origins. 3) The optimal concentration of Mg²⁺ necessary for the interaction of myosin A and F-actin was much high (10-20 mM) in myosin A from arterial wall and very low (< 0.5 mM) in myosin A from striated muscle regardless of origin of the F-actin. 4) In electronmicrographic structures, arterial myosin aggregates were shorter in the length compared with that of striated muscle, having rod shape without tapering and possessed the fine projections only at the both ends. However, any difference has not been observed between arterial F-actin and F-actin from striated muscle which held helical structure with the pitch of about 350 A and the width of about 80 A. 5) The thin filaments containing actin were located not only at muscular layer of arterial wall but also at endothelium of renal capillary. Through the above findings, it was understood that the contraction - relaxation of arterial wall, even in capillary, contributory to the performance of blood circulation was based on the association - dissociation of myosin aggregate and F-actin together with native tropomyosin respondent to Ca²⁺ through increase - decrease of Ca²⁺, which is associated with hydrolysis of ATP in the presence of Mg²⁺.

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The effect of three components of troponin (TN C, I, T) on the gelation of F-actin was investigated by measuring the increase in viscosity at a very low velocity gradient in a rotating viscometer. TN I or TN T greatly enhanced the generation of F-action. The effect of TN I-C or T-C complex became Ca-dependent: in the absence of Ca, the complex increased the rate of viscosity rise of F-actin, but in its presence this enhancing effect was almost absent. For these actions, the presence of tropomyosin or heat treatment at 45° was not required. These results can be explained in terms of strengthened interactions of F-actin particles bound with TN T or TN I and the release of TN I-C or TN T-C in the presence of Ca.

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On September 20, 1966 the potential gradient was measured in the altitude range of 5km to 25km over the Pacific Ocean from the coast to about 100km ESE of Honshu Island, giving the values of 9V/m to 0.7V/m. The electric field sonde consists of a pair of field antenna suspended 55m below a plastic balloon of 1000m³. The field antenna consists of a steel wire 5m in length, hanging a hollow copper sphere 30cm in diameter. The potential difference between the two antennas was measured. The result was compared with the vertical profile deduced from the conductivity-altitude profile with a constant vertical current density, both experimental and theoretical. The present measured profile is in good agreement with Gish's profile in the altitude range of 10km to 22km. Comparing the measured profiles of both Gish's and ours with the theoretical one, the decreasing rate of the former with altitude was found to be smaller than the latter, even considering the effects of the geomagnetic latitude concerned, and UT variation. Small scale changes of the measured potential gradient were compared with those of atmospheric temperature which were measured on the same electric field sonde. There were good correlations between both the changes. Near the temperature inversions the potential gradient showed very clear inverse phase changes suggesting strong concentrations of dust particles.

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Emphysema can be induced in animals by postnatal treatment with dexamethasone (Dex) and such models have been widely used for various research. However, it is not clear what are the effects of Dex on assembly of alveolar elastic fibers in the emphysema model in mice. This study compared the expression profile of genes related to alveolar development between Dex treated and control mice during the treatment from postnatal day 3 (P3) to P14 with a 2-day break. From morphological observation of lung sections on P42, we confirmed the induction of emphysema in the treated mice. The mRNA expression level of fibrillin-1, which consists of microfibrils as a scaffold to form elastic fibers, and fibulin-5, which is a key protein reinforcing the fibers, reached maximum on P7 in control mice. However, in the Dex group, expression levels both types of mRNA were much lower with no clear expression peak. On the other hand, mRNA expression of tropoelastin, the main component in elastic fibers, reached maximum on P5 in the Dex group, which was 9 days earlier than in the control group. At this time, the amount of microfibrils might not be enough for tropoelastin to be deposited completely in Dex treated mice. This imbalance in the expression of tropoelastin and microfibril might interfere with the efficient formation of elastic fibers.

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　Japanese El Niño Experiment 1987 (JENEX-87) が、1987年2月、中部赤道太平洋上の観測船 「なつしま」 船上で行われ、著者はその気象観測に従事した。本報告では気象観測結果の概要を示し、我々が遭遇した二つの注目すべき総観規模擾乱の事例について述べる。
　一つは赤道近傍 (∼10°S) の熱帯低気圧であり、赤道付近 (0°S-5°S) での北側断面では強い下層西風が観測された。他の一つは5°S、180°E付近での上層低気圧性渦状擾乱であり、その南西—北東断面は、この擾乱が上層寒気を伴う三次元的構造を持つことを示唆している。

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We analyze tropospheric column ozone (TCO) data observed by satellite instruments over East Asia for 15 years (from 1995 to 2009), and investigate the relationship between enhanced TCO (E-TCO) and ozone intrusion from the stratosphere near the subtropical jet (STJ). A belt of E-TCO is observed at mid-latitude over East Asia throughout the year; the belt is located at latitudes approximately equal to that of the STJ on seasonal, monthly, and daily timescales. The observed results are compared with a tagged tracer simulation by using a global chemical transport model. The simulation for East Asia indicates that the contribution from tropospheric origin to the enhancement of TCO is comparable to that from stratospheric origin at latitudes close to the STJ, resulting in the high correlation of the E-TCO belt and the STJ. The two origins of ozone cannot be differentiated in the tropospheric column ozone observed by a satellite, especially over East Asia where the anthropogenic source regions of ozone precursors are situated close to the latitudes of the STJ. Some occasional data, however, indicate split origins on a daily timescale, suggesting that the two origins really contribute to the enhancement of TCO. Our results strongly suggests an urgent need to develop a new satellite sensor and/or a new algorithm to distinguish boundary layer ozone from free tropospheric ozone in order to promote our understanding of atmospheric pollution over East Asia.

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Interaction among F-actin, 6S component of α-actinin and -myosin was investigated by turbidity, viscosity and flow birefringence measurements. 6S component of α-actinin caused gelation of F-actin, eventually leading to precipitation. Tropomyosin, when added before, inhibited the precipitation of F-actin by 6S component. These results were presented in details, and possible physiological importance of the interactions among the three muscle structural proteins was discussed in relation to the structure of myofibrils.

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GPS is a positioning system using signal of satellites. This paper deals with improvement of error in GPS Standard Positioning Service. We proposed the error reducing method using only software. We used only satellites information for improvement of error.

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北半球領域で総観スケール圏界面高度を解析及び予報する重回帰式を日々作成した。説明変数には100mb-,200mb-,300mb-,高度,200mb-300mb間,300mb-500mb間安定度及び500mb渦度の6変数群から日々有効な4ケが選ばれた。重相関係数は冬期の予報(～0.65)を除きおよそ0.85であった。こうして作られた重回帰式は解析においても予報においても中緯度圏界面と極圏界面をよく表現したが,さらに熱帯圏界面及び寒冷渦圏界面をよく表現するように重回帰式に補正が加えられ成功をおさめた。
その結果,補正回帰式で解析された圏界面高度は観測値をもとにした主観解析高度とよい一致を示した。また予報においては予報高度と解析高度との平均2乗誤差が冬場を除き20mb以下にまで減少させることが出来た。したがって我々はWMOの勧告に沿って圏界面高度の解析及び予報図を供し得るようになったが,冬期の予報についての精度は他の季節に比してややおちる。

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