We investigated the participation of prostaglandins (PG) and nitric oxide (NO) in adaptive cytoprotection using 0.6 N HCl-induced gastric lesions in the rat stomach. Indomethacin reversed the protective effect of 0.2 N HCl more strongly than that of 0.35 N HCl, both of which markedly inhibited HCl ulcer. N^G-Nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) did not affect the protective effect afforded by either 0.2 N HCl or 0.35 N HCl. Combined pretreatment with indomethacin and L-NNA did not diminish the protective action induced by 0.35 N HCl, but almost completely abolished the indomethacin-resistant protection afforded by 0.1 N NaOH. Acid mild irritant increased the gastric fluid volume concentration-dependently, whereas alkaline mild irritant had little or no effect on the volume. These results suggest that: 1) The mediators involved in adaptive cytoprotection afforded by 0.1 N NaOH may be fully ascribed to PG and NO; 2) PG is a major mediator in the protection induced by 0.2 N HCl; 3) In the case of 0.35 N HCl, the mediators remain to be determined since increased gastric fluid volume could contribute to the protection through dilution. These findings thus may indicate that multiple mediators and mechanisms are implicated in adaptive cytoprotection.

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The title of my essay, “The Unanxious Influence of Spenser for Keats” is an allusion to Harold Bloom’s The Anxiety of Influence, which argues that major poets inevitably swerve away from their main predecessors. I attempt to show here that the opposite is clearly true in the case of Spenser for Keats. Spenser’s influence continued from the beginning of his poetic carrier till the end of his life. In section 1, “Keats’s Spenser,” I present biographical details about the role of Spenser in Keats’s poetic development, focusing on the stylistic elements, the sonorities, that reared his ears. In section 2, “Spenser’s Roman à clef,” I discuss The Shepheardes Calender, a landmark in English pastoral poetry. Spenser models it primarily on Virgil’s Eclogues, but he swerves from the melancholy and nostalgia that are the mainstays of traditional pastorals and deals with topical political and religious issues of the Elizabethan Age. I discuss the work in the context of the pastoral tradition and besides point out its importance for Keats and others. In section 3, “Keats’s Endymion,” I discuss this ambitious work, a pastoral poem in heroic couplets. While he was writing it, Keats took Spenser as his guiding light. Though he swerves from Spenser in thematic focus, avoiding political and religious topicality, he yet clearly imbues his lines with Spenserian sonorities, as he pursues ideal beauty. The character Endymion is himself idealized, not an ordinary shepherd, but the prince of shepherds, riding “a fair-wrought car” in pursuit of the supernal, the goddess Diana or her cynosure Cynthia. And while he is portrayed as achieving this otherworldly goal, what stays with us, I maintain, is the earthly beauty of Keats’s language.

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In Tangerang City, as an effect of urban expansion, the emergence of slum settlements and the size of the housing backlog has increased. In order to mitigate this, the local government has developed subsidized apartments known as Rusunawa and expects the slum residents to move there. Housing relocation mainly consists of three determinant factors; housing satisfaction, willingness to move, and the event of the actual move itself. The objective of this study is to fill the gap between willingness to move and actually moving by exploring how far the effect of housing satisfaction, along with other sets of variables from physical and social attributes, can predict the willingness to move and the actual move from the perspective of the slum residents as the prospective relocators and the existing residents of the Rusunawa.

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The rapid urbanization of Greater Jakarta has resulted in the urban expansion of its peripheral cities, one of which is Tangerang city, which is considered the most developed peripheral city compared to the others. While the development of housing including highrise apartments and commercial centers is spreading all over Tangerang city, as a suburban area, the development of infrastructure is still insufficient, especially in the case of the neighborhood facilities. As an effect of rapid urbanization, the housing backlog as well as the quantity of inadequate housing has increased, and many slum settlements have emerged. The development of subsidized apartments was chosen by the planning officials to mitigate the housing backlog by providing housing with better facilities and building features. One of the important factors to be considered to understand people’s decisions to move to better housing was place-attachment. This study investigates how far place-attachment affects the slum dwellers’ willingness to move to Rusunawa by using quantitative methods in the form of descriptive analysis and in-depth interviews. The results show that, to a certain degree, place-attachment plays an important role in residents’ willingness to move.

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Since the reform and opening-up of China, the nation’s rural development has been accompanied by a series of land reform policies, largely concerning agricultural land, homestead land and rural construction land. Have rural land reform policies achieved their original objectives and contributed to the socio-economic and spatial development of rural China? To answer these questions, this paper examines the case of Qidu Town of Suzhou, Jiangsu Province and conducts a three-step analysis of the effectiveness of both national- and local-level rural land reform policies. It first reviews the policies to clarify their economic, social and spatial objectives. It then quantitatively analyses the economic, social and spatial performance of these policies in Qidu Town since 1998; this analysis is performed with economic, social and land-use data and quantitative-analysis methods. Finally, it assesses the policies’ effectiveness by comparing their objectives with the results of the quantitative analyses. It concludes that at both the national and local levels, the effectiveness of land reform policies has varied across different periods, across different measures, and between one another. The reason for this variation rests predominantly on the attitudes of the affected villages and villagers. By taking the town, China’s basic administrative unit, as the research object and bringing spatial performance into policy effectiveness, this research seeks to develop a methodology for objective and accurate assessments of the effectiveness of rural land reform policies.

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Despite being small and simple in structure the nitric oxide free radical (NO·) is now proving to be of vital physiological significance, and it has been shown to play important roles in complex processes such as vasodilatation, inflammation, thrombosis, immunity and neurotransmission. To conduct meaningful research into the role of NO·, it is necessary to accurately determine its concentration. Its direct and quantitative measurement, however, has been little discussed inspite of the abundance of studies on this compound. Generally most authors refer to indirect qualitative measurements, such as employment of NO-synthase inhibitors, measurement of cGMP or citrulline, and the detection of NO·-induced physiological effects such as vascular relaxation. The primary difficulties in the direct measurement of NO stem from its short lifetime and very low concentrations. Notwithstanding these problems, several quantitative methods for measuring NO· have been established. The most commonly used techniques are as follows: 1) UV-visible spectrophotometry of the diazotization product of the nitrite, NO-hemoglobin or methemoglobin, 2) fluorometry of the fluorescent product of the nitrite, 3) detection of chemiluminescence by its reaction with ozone or luminol/H₂O₂, 4) amperometric microelectrode assay, and 5) electron spin resonance spectrometry. All the aforementioned techniques have certain limitations that should be considered carefully prior to each application.

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Many guidelines for digital EEG (dEEG) have been published in the current dEEG era since 1990s in which they have described and defined its mechanical and software-based functions. However, little has been done for practical guidelines to record, read and interpret dEEG so far exclusively from the viewpoint of EEG technologists and EEGers. Therefore, this guideline aims to provide us with the information how to use dEEG most effectively by knowing 1) how to record and manipulate dEEG to maximize its function, and 2) how to read dEEG to maximize its function and to minimize the interpretation error and the spent time.
It is very important for EEG technologists to record dEEG with good quality. They should display and monitor dEEG in the most suitable condition, being apart from the fixed recording condition. Namely, they should change any display conditions including montage, filter setting, time window, and amplitude depending on the patients’ condition, as done previously in the analogue EEG era. Thus they could inspect and record the best dEEG while recording. As a result, (1) it provides EEGers with the most suitable display condition to read EEG immediately after recording, and (2) it gives us the suitable dEEG for further data processing such as frequency analysis, power analysis, topographical mapping, time-frequency analysis, source estimation, etc.
For EEG reading, although EEGers could anecdotally choose any display conditions (i.e., montage, filter setting, time window, and amplitude), it is usually the most effective way to read EEG as it was inspected and displayed while recording by the EEG technologists as long as dEEG was well inspectionally displayed. When needed, they could change display conditions any time. However, it should be avoided that they arbitrarily select only one or two montages to complete dEEG reading. They should read dEEG by means of at least two montages or more in combination to complement the features of each montage as so-called rational montage selection, e.g., referential montage with ipsilateral earlobe reference easily causes earlobe activation (reference activation) in the temporal abnormality and thus it is carefully interpreted or not selected in patients with temporal abnormality. Prior to final interpretation, they should make sure that they selected appropriate montages based on the clinical information, e.g., averaged reference is rather recommended to extract and localize the maximum active area properly unless the interested EEG activity is generalized, and it is not applied to read generalized activity.
While reading, EEGers could effectively use the tools of data processing such as frequency analysis, power analysis, topographical mapping, time-frequency analysis, source estimation, etc. Thus it helps them inspect dEEG visually with more accuracy, and increases both sensitivity and specificity to detect the abnormal finding.
Finally, this guideline could provide any trainees with practical learning way to read dEEG most effectively because dEEG is the useful, self-learning tool how to read EEG. Teaching files of dEEG with EEG reports enormously enhance this process.

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