Formal linguistics places an idealized speaker-hearer at the center of human language (Chomsky 1965; Saussure 1966). Hearers, who are largely though not completely silent, are however, given very little attenion. Most analysis of language, including the study of talk-in-interaction, focuses almost exclusively on phenomena embedded within the stream of speech including linguistic structure, turn-constructional units, and prosody. However, within face-to-face interaction hearers use the visible organization of their bodies to display consequential participation in the talk of the moment. Speakers change the structure of emerging utterances in response to what they see their hearers doing. Hearers are thus central to the constitution of utterances, sentences, and the states of talk within which these structures emerge. Building an utterance is not only a multi-party activity, but also one constructed through the mutual elaboration of structurally different kinds of semiotic phenomena, including both the talk of the speaker, and the embodied displays of the hearer(s). How participants attend to the observability and display of each other's bodies in copresence as consequential for the collaborative organization of action is one of the central issues posed in the analysis of the relationship between interaction, language, and cognition. Such phenomena will be investigated here through analysis of a video-recording of a little girl trying to read a recipe as she makes cookies with her aunt. Within this sequence human action and cognition are organized through the ongoing construction and transformation of unfolding environments within which language structure, the sequential organization of talk-in-interaction, the participants' bodies, and features of the material surround mutually elaborate each other to create meaningful configurations of action and meaning that go beyond any of their component parts.

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In order to manage the transportation demand through land use planning, we developed a model to optimize the distribution of shopping centers in a China's city. In the model the location behavior of shopping centers and the destination selection behavior of the shoppers are considered. It is a p-median style model, in which we considered the modal split model. Models respectively based on road network and super transportation network are structured. The objective of both of them is to decrease the distance of shopping trip. With survey data of Dalian city we calibrated the two models and verified their validity. After that in order to solve this nonlinear programming problem, genetic algorithm with dynamic parameters is designed and numerical test is done with the data of Dalian city in China

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Using the adverse events monitoring system of Japan, we observed diarrhea cases in approximately 10% of patients who received oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). This study was conducted to investigate whether diarrhea among children aged 0 to 1 is caused by OPV or by other factors such contact at the doctor's office and/or with others outside the home. We conducted a survey of the health of children after regular health check-ups and after the administration of the OPV. The data from the health check-ups were used as a control for the OPV case group. We compared the first-OPV dose vaccination group as well as the second-OPV dose vaccination group to the health check-up group. For cases of diarrhea, the odds ratio of the OPV group to the health check-up group was 1.776. Our findings strongly suggest that post-OPV cases of mild diarrhea are closely related to the administration of the OPV.

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Bacteria are fundamentally divided into two groups: Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Although the Gram stain and other techniques can be used to differentiate these groups, some issues exist with traditional approaches. In this study, we developed a method for differentiating Gram-positive and -negative bacteria using a colorimetric microbial viability assay based on the reduction of the tetrazolium salt {2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, monosodium salt} (WST-8) via 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinone with a selection medium. We optimized the composition of the selection medium to allow the growth of Gram-negative bacteria while inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive bacteria. When the colorimetric viability assay was carried out in a selection medium containing 0.5μg/ml crystal violet, 5.0 μg/ml daptomycin, and 5.0μg/ml vancomycin, the reduction in WST-8 by Gram-positive bacteria was inhibited. On the other hand, Gram-negative bacteria produced WST-8-formazan in the selection medium. The proposed method was also applied to determine the Gram staining characteristics of bacteria isolated from various foodstuffs. There was good agreement between the results obtained using the present method and those obtained using a conventional staining method. These results suggest that the WST-8 colorimetric assay with selection medium is a useful technique for accurately differentiating Gram-positive and -negative bacteria.

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The ATPase preparations from the hog thyroid was preincubated with various amounts of trypsin. The activity of Mg-ATPase was consistently elevated. On the contrary, the Na, K-ATPase activity decreased with increasing amounts of trypsin. The effects were similar to those which were observed in the enzyme preparations treated with basic polyamino acids as previously reported. This phenomenon seemed to be specific in the preparations from the thyroid.
The Mg-dependent activity was increased after pretreatment with trypsin or poly-L-lysine (PLL) when CTP, ITP and UTP were used as substrate. Thus the substrate specificity of Mg-ATPase was low.
The enzyme-kinetics using ATP as substrate showed that the increase in activity was due to an increase in Vmax and not to a change in Km.
The activity of Mg-ATPase was increased even after30min of preincubation with trypsin, while the Na, K-ATPase activity was almost diminished.
These results suggest that the activity of Mg-ATPase in the preparation from the thyroid is specifically changed by the modification of the molecular environment of the enzyme with trypsin or basic polyamino acids.

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  Incorporation of exogenous cholesterol was compared in human adenocarcinoma colon cells (Caco-2) after incubation with 100 μM of either linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6), γ-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6), arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) or adrenic acid (or n-6 docosatetraenoic acid, DTA, 22:4n-6). In both cells 7 days after seeding and 14 days after confluency, incubation with LA significantly raised the proportion of 18:2n-6 but not its long-chain metabolites in cellular phospholipid. Incubation with GLA increased the levels of 18:3n-6, 20:3n-6, and 20:4n-6. Incubation with AA increased the levels of 20:4n-6 and 22:4n-6, and incubation with DTA increased the levels of 22:4n-6 as well as its retro-conversion metabolite, 20:4n-6. A subsequent addition of cholesterol (180 μM) to the medium significantly raised the cellular cholesterol level but less so in the cells 7 days after seeding incubated with GLA. The increase in cellular cholesterol level was generally greater in the cells of 7 days after seeding, particularly those incubated with long-chain highly unsaturated n-6 fatty acids, than in those of 14 days after confluency. These findings suggest that the cell growth and the extent of unsaturation in cell membrane phospholipid fatty acids modulate the incorporation of the exogenous cholesterol into the Caco-2 cells.

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ワーク・ファ-リー・コンフリクト尺度（Work Family Conflict Scale: WFCS）日本語版の開発と検討：渡井いずみほか．東京大学大学院医学系研究科健康科学・看護学専攻地域看護学分野―本研究の目的は，多次元的ワーク・ファ-リー・コンフリクト尺度（Work-Family Conflict Scale: WFCS）の日本語版を作成し，信頼性と妥当性を検討することである．原版の18項目WFCS（Carlsonら，2000）は，時間に基づく仕事から家庭への葛藤（WIF），および時間に基づく家庭から仕事への葛藤（FIW），ストレス反応に基づくWIF，およびストレス反応に基づくFIW，行動に基づくWIF，および行動に基づくFIWの6次元の葛藤尺度で構成される．英語版のオリジナル尺度から，英語を母国語とする研究者を含む研究者数名による順翻訳，逆翻訳，及び原著者の承認の手順を経て，日本語WFC尺度を作成した．従業員数が301人以上の民間IT企業24社に勤務する正社員のうち，就学前の子供を持つ情報処理技術者（ITエンジニア）180名を対象に，WFCSを含む自記式質問紙調査を配布した．また，それとは別に，保育所に子供を預けている両親34名を対象に再テストを行った．その結果，6つの下位尺度のCronbach'のa係数は0.77～0.92と充分に高い内的一貫性を示した．また，行動に基づくWIFとFIW間の内部相関係数は0.60を超えていたが，おおむね各下位尺度間の弁別的妥当性は示された．さらに，5つのモデルについて確証的因子分析を比較したところ，6つの下位尺度を持つモデルが最も高い適合度を示し（chi-square＝231.82，df＝129，CFI＝0.95，AIC＝315.82，RMSEA＝0.07），オリジナル尺度と同じ構成概念妥当性を保持することが示された．また，再テスト信頼性を示す各項目の重みつきk係数，6つの下位尺度の級内相関係数は，いずれも適度な再現性を示した．これらの結果より，WFCS日本語版は，日本人労働者における仕事と家庭の葛藤を評価する上で信頼性と妥当性を有する尺度であることが示唆された．（産衛誌2006; 48: 71-81）

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We investigate the location of one or more facilities anywhere in an area in which several competing facilities already exist. The attractiveness of each facility is modeled by a utility function. Each customer selects the facility with the greatest utility function value. The objective is to find the locations for one or more facilities which attract the maximum buying power. We generate a set of candidate locations and solve the single facility problem by evaluating the buying power attracted to the new facility at each candidate location. We then solve the location of multiple facilities by converting the problem to a maximum covering problem. The solution procedure is illustrated on an example problem with 100 demand points and seven existing facilities. As a case study we find the best locations of new convenience stores in the city of Seto, Japan.

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鉄道の廃線敷は、土地利用の転換・活用が難しく、特に地方部で有効に活用されている事例は少ない。しかし、一部では観光施設として有効活用されている事例もある。本研究では、国内3事例、海外1事例について、誕生の背景や施設の保有・運営形態、採算性等をヒアリング調査した。その結果、鉄道時代を上回る集客力を有し、一定の収支を確保している事例が確認でき、廃線敷を活用した施設が新たな観光資源として都市と地域の交流を生む可能性を秘めていることが明らかとなった。

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A significant negative correlation between testicular interstitial cell tumors and pituitary tumors in control male F344 rats has been reported associated with the number of animals per cage. Change in numbers of animals per cage may cause stress and increased serum corticosteroids that can impair testosterone synthesis by interstitial cells. Eventual atrophy of interstitial cells may result in pituitary hyperfunction and tumor development. For relevant risk assessments, understanding the effect husbandry has on cellular processes is necessary. Twenty-four 6-week-old male F344 rats were housed individually, as pairs, or as trios for 13 weeks. Measured parameters included feed consumption, body and organ weights, hemograms, hormonal levels, histopathology, and cellular kinetics in the pituitary and testicle. Several caging-related differences occurred, that, although not statistically different, could be biologically significant; these included increased serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, and corticosterone; increased spermatogonial proliferation; decreased apoptosis within seminiferous tubules; and increased BrdU immunoreactivity of the interstitial cells. The statistically significant decrease in lymphocyte numbers correlated with the associated increase in corticosterone levels. This study indicates that the number of animals in a cage is associated with hormonal and cellular kinetic changes in the pituitary and testes, which could influence the incidence of tumors in these organs.

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In the fast ignition concept, assembled fuel is ignited through a separate high intensity laser pulse. Fast Ignition targets facilitate this ignition using a reentrant cone. It provides clear access through the overlaying coronal plasma, and controls the laser plasma interaction to optimize hot-electron production and transport into the compressed plasma. Recent results suggest that the cone does not play any role in guiding light or electrons to its tip, and coupling to electrons can be reduced by a small amount of preplasma. This puts stringent requirements on the ignition laser focusing, pointing, and prepulse.

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症例は17歳男性．サッカー部所属．来院1年半前から胸痛症状があり，部活動中に意識消失し当院へ搬送となった．来院時の心電図はaVR誘導でのST上昇とⅡ,Ⅲ,aVF,V2-V6誘導でのST低下を認め，急性心筋梗塞の診断で冠動脈造影検査を施行した．TIMI 3であったが，左冠動脈は右冠動脈洞からの起始であることが確認され，CPK 2600 U/Lまでの上昇を認めた．その後のCTにて，左冠動脈主幹部は右冠動脈洞から鋭角に起始し，肺動脈と大動脈の間を通過した後に左前下行枝と左回旋枝に分枝していることが明らかとなった．心臓血管外科に転科し，第18病日に左冠動脈主幹部に対するUnroofing Procedureを施行した．運動負荷試験陰性であることを確認し，第36病日に自宅退院となった．本症例のように大血管間を走行する冠動脈起始異常は極めて稀であるが，他の冠動脈起始異常に比べ心筋虚血を引き起こすリスクは高く，若年の運動中の心臓関連突然死の要因として考慮しなければならない．若年発症の急性心筋梗塞の1例を経験したので報告する．

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