The effect of adrenaline (Ad) on the electrogenic Na⁺ pump of bullfrog visceral nerve fibers was studied, by testing the effect of this drug on the K-activated hyperpolarization () of these nerve fibers. KAHs were recorded by adding K (0.2-5 mM) to an extracellular K-free solution with which preparations were previously perfused and the actual amplitude (net ) was estimated by taking into account the amplitude of membrane depolarization induced by K in the presence of ouabain (0.001 mM). The dose-response relation between K concentrations and net KAHs follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics; the log dose-response relation showed a sigmoid curve and the Lineweaver-Burk Plot of dose-response relation showed a straight line when n_H=1.3. The net was augmented by Ad (0.03-1 mM); facilitative effects of three kinds of catecholamine on the net were Ad>noradrenaline>> isopreterenol. The log dose-response curve was shifted to the left in parallel in the presence of Ad; the Lineweaver-Burk plot showed a straight line when n_H=1.3 and this line met the control line at the ordinate point where K concentration is infinitive, while the apparent dissociation constant (K_m) decreased to 0.82 from 1.3 mM (control) in the presence of 0.3 mM Ad. Net was augmented by the removal of extracellular Cl or by the action of TEA; the membrane resistance was expected to increase under these experimental conditions. The dose-response relation obtained under these conditions showed an increase of maximum response without changes in K_m value. It was concluded on the basis of the present results that the increase in net by Ad was due to an increase in the electrogenic Na⁺ pump current. The mechanism underlying such an Ad action was discussed, and it was suggested that the rate of the electrogenic Na⁺ pump was increased by the action of Ad.

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This study clarified about the block formation at Báng- and Töa-tiü-tiâ ⁿ in Tâi-pak under Japanese rule. Old Tâi-pak (Taipei; at present) was constituted by three urban districts; Sia-lai (walled city), Báng-kahand Töa-tiü-tiâ ⁿ Inside Sia-lai, the existing streets were utilized by improvement. In contrast, the existing streets and the planned streets was lack of relation in the two another urban districts. In Töa-tiü-tiâ ⁿ that was clearness comparatively, utilized existing street prescribed the north and south axial block formation, but dirty Bang- streets were remodeled into standardized grid pattern. The aim of blockformation in Báng- was hygiene environment improvement by application of existing facilities instead of accession of traditional urban district structure.

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In 1946, the present author made a research work on the Formosan Chinese, living in the ward Bangkah of Tai-peh city, whose ancestors had come from Fu-chien province, southern China. His manuscript, being an outcome of this research work, contains : Chapter I Pregnancy ; Chapter II Childbirth ; and Chapter III Post-Natal Care, and this article is composed of several passages drawn from the Chapter I. Various magical performances are observed even just after the girl's betrothal in view of securing or invigorating her fecundity. The ideal of the patriarchal family, after which the male infant is appreciated far more highly than the female one, reflects itself in such performances. For instance, if a woman passes through under lantern on the 15th of January of the lunar calendar, she will become pregnant with male child, because both 'lantern' and 'male person' are teng here in the Fu-chien dialect of Bang-. It is customary that, three days after her delivery, the woman concerned eats chicken. When the baby was male, other women want to have a share of giblets of the chicken, in view of becoming homoeopathically pregnant with male child by eating that share. The belief that the adoption of child leads to pregnancy is found widespread in Japan's mainland, Ryukyu islands, and Ponape. In Bang-, however, it is believed that the adopted child, irrespective of its sex, shall bring its younger brother for the foster-mother. Sterile women call in a female shaman (ang-i) or pray directly to gods for pregnancy. With this regard, Tsu sin-niu-niu (a goddess presiding pregnancy) is important. According to the folk-belief in Bang-, it may happen that a woman becomes pregnant by coming into contact with the south wind. Such a belief is found widely in Ryukyus, aboriginal Formosa, and East Indies. It deserves to notice that both 'south' and 'man' are equally lam in the Fu-chien dialect of Bang-. Whereas the custom of pregnant woman to have a belly-belt bound in the later period during pregnancy is widespread in East Indies, aboriginal Formosa, Japan, etc., this is not found in Bang-, except that the woman has white cloth as a bellybelt bound after her delivery, lest her belly, it is said, become big and ill-shaped.

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Tan Kee (1874-1961), a Fukien-born Chinese in Singapore, was one of the most eminent leaders of all Chinese in contemporary Southeast Asian societies. With the promotion of China's modernization program in these years, his name in China has come to fame again as one of the greatest industrial entrepreneurs, an outstanding patriot and a famous benevolent person for the promotion of school education and the devotion to charities both in Singapore and Amoy where he was born and grew up. Such a characteristic image about Tan Kee as a typical example of loyal and patriotic subject to his motherland, however, is far from the real situation of his personal history. He was only an ordinary Chinese businessman in Singapore, a non-elite and a non-partisan Hokkien merchant without any academic career of secondary education. The real events of his life tell us indeed that he was neither a patriotic Kuomingtang (KMT) supporter, nor an ideological Communist.
As he fully realized the neccessity of school education, Tan in 1910's began operation to invest his capital in the promotion of Chinese school education both in Singapore and Amoy and also founded Amoy University in 1921. In 1916 when he became naturalized as a British subject, Tan kept friendly relations with the British Colonial Authorities in Singapore. Through the wartime, there were various points of view on their political identity among different dialect and religious groups, or different economic and social status of the Singapore Chinese. Although he was apointed as a Chairman of the Nanyang Chinese Relief General Association in 1938, Tan stood out of the political movement by the KMT and the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) and kept a friendly relations with the Colonial Authorities. As he was disappointed at the corruption of the KMT bureaucrats during the wartime, Tan keenly desired in his heart that a new democratic government should be established in post-war China.
In 1942 when the Japanese army invaded to Singapore, Japanese military police put a price on Tan Kee as a top-ranking leader of the anti-Japanese movement in Nanyang. Tan exiled to Java and hid himself at a house of the Amoy school graduate at Malang until the end of the war. Soon after the end of the war, Tan returned to Singapore and made a poor attempt at the promotion of Nanyang Chinese relief fundraising campaign for the wartime victims both in Singapore and the Fukien. The power structure of the Nanyang Chinese, however, was very much transformed by the upheaval of the war and Tan's leadership declined with the growing KMT's and the MCP's powes in post-war Singapore. There was indeed a generation gulf between Tan and the new leaders of the Chinese political and economic circles in post-war Singapore.
His return to China in 1949 was motivated neither by ideological nor by practical consideration for protecting interest or all Chinese abroad and was merely urged by the traditional custom of many China-born Chinese in abroad who usually go back their home-town for living calmly in their old age. In 1949, Tan was invited to Beijing for helping the Overseas Chinese affairs of the new government. But, he was excused himself from the invitation and usually stayed in Amoy for devoting all of his retired life to the community development in Amoy. With the reassessment of the role of the Overseas Chinese for their investment to modernize China in these years, the great name of Tan Kee has come to the fore again in some Chinese periodicals since 1980. His contribution to social and economic development projects after retirement, however, was largely concentrated to Amoy where was a microcosm of Tan's spiritual identity.

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Effect of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) on the electrogenic Na-pump of bullfrog visceral nerve fibres was studied, by testing the effect of this drug on the K-activated hyperpolarization () and K-induced depolarization of these nerve fibres. The log dose-response relation between K concentrations and net KAHs was shifted to left in parallel in the presence of ATP (0.1 mM); Lineweaver-Burk plots showed that the maximum response remained unchanged while apparent dissociation constant (Km) decreased to 0.8 from 1.3 mM (control) in the presence of ATP. The mechanism underlying such an action of ATP was discussed, and it was suggested that the rate of electrogenic Na-pump was increased by the effect of extracellularly applied ATP.

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Making a case for studying student activism outside of elite university students, this paper investigates the sources of polytechnic student activism in a tightly controlled society: 1970s Singapore. It seeks to find less obvious histories: the limits of state control, the relative openness of the city-state, and the identity and lived experiences of the polytechnicians. Through the writings and cartoons of the Singapore Polytechnic Students’ Union, augmented by oral histories, the paper traces the contours of student activism as defined by everyday events as well as momentous experiences formed at the intersection between campus, national, and transnational—particularly pan-Asian—developments.

At the national level, the polytechnicians’ identity responded to the state’s instrumentalist view of students, which was to define the polytechnic student in a more expansive way, attacking student apathy toward social and political issues. Some student matters, such as protests against bus hikes, escalated into national issues, bringing the polytechnicians into encounters with state officials and politicians. Political surveillance caused fear and anxiety but also fostered a sense of injustice. Conversely, international contact, such as reading critical literature and participating in pan-Asian seminars, helped the polytechnicians place Singapore in an Asian context and plot themselves on a mental political spectrum. Reading was an experience: universal ideas in books enabled the students to contextualize local issues, just as everyday experiences in Singapore helped them locate the abstract. The international contact thus enabled the polytechnicians to give meaning to concepts such as “students,” “education,” and “Asia.”

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This paper discusses the roles of written and oral records in the writing of the social history of Singapore. It takes the case of the early 1930s Great Depression, which has hitherto been treated as a subject of economic history, written from the colonial records.This paper examines how using in conjunction colonial, newspaper, coroner, biographical, and oral records provides a window into the social history of the slump, enabling fresh perspectives into how people were affected by the crisis and how they sought to negotiate it. While a global economic slump might be thought to have severe effects on the residents of a colonial city reliant on entrepot trade, evidence drawn from the wider range of sources suggests that the slump's impact was not uniformly harsh and that people in Singapore were not hapless victims. Many of them actively negotiated the Depression's worst effects, utilising family and kinship ties which had developed among the island's migrant communities.

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This paper reports on the distribution, relationship and seasonal variations of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-like immunoreactants in the brain and hypophysis of the bony fish, the ayu Plecoglossus altivelis. NPY-like immunoreactivity was widely distributed in the brain: labeled cells were found in the nervus terminalis, the nucleus entopeduncularis, the habenula, the nucleus preopticus periventricularis, the nucleus tuberis lateralis, the mediodorsal hypothalamus, the dorsal tegmentum, and other sites. NPY fibers were considerably dense in the telencephalon and hypothalamus, and innervated the hypophysis. GnRH-positive cells occurred in the nervus terminalis and were sparsely distributed in the preoptic and tuberal areas of the hypothalamus. GnRH fibers were found in various regions of the brain. They were relatively dense in the hypothalamus, showing a local concentration in the middle region of the neurohypophysis. The GnRH-positive cells and fibers in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex increased in density around the spawning season. In tandem with gonadal maturation, NPY labeling in the cells of the nucleus tuberis lateralis became intense concomitantly with an increase in the labeled varicosities in the middle region of the neurohypophysis. Double immunostaining showed that NPY fibers were closely apposed to GnRH cells in the preoptic area. These results suggest a correlative involvement of NPY and GnRH in the control of the hypophyseal gonadotropic function of the ayu.

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Mass transfer accompanied by dissolution of benzoic acid from the wall of a parallel-plate duct into aqueous alkaline solutions was studied, using a theoretical model based on diffusion equations. Chemical and ionic interactions of each species, together with diffusion and convection, are considered in this analysis. The theoretical equations were solved as an initial-value problem by using a finite-difference technique. Simultaneously, experiments were conducted under laminar-flow conditions to check the predicted overall rates of dissolution. The rate of dissolution of benzoic acid into KOH solutions was shown to be faster than that into LiOH solutions of equal concentration because of the larger mobility of the K⁺ ions. Under the conditions analyzed here, the agreement between theoretical and experimental overall rates of dissolution was excellent. This showed that the present theoretical analysis can be valid and useful in predicting rates of mass transfer in this kind of complex solidliquid dissolution systems.

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Purification of porcine thyroid TSH receptors was attempted by using Lubrol, TSH-Sepharose, gel filtration and the immunoabsorption by anti-thyroglobulin (Tg) antibody-Sepharose. The effects of microbial protease inhibitors on the degradation of TSH receptors were also evaluated.
Porcine thyroid membrane was solubilized with 1% Lubrol-PX and TSH receptors were purified by TSH affinity chromatography, followed by gel filtration on TSKgel-G3000SW. A partial purification was achieved; a 692- fold purification and 49.3% recovery of high affinity binding site and a 409- fold purification and 29.1% recovery of low affinity binding site, respectively.Rechromatography on G3000SW gel and immunoabsorption by anti-Tg antibody-Sepahrose resulted in further reduction of contaminants. Among 10 proteaseinhibitors studied, a low concentration of chymostatin was the only one thatshowed a significant protective effect on the degradation of the receptors (p<0.05).

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