To what extent did Tsuga-Teishō incorporate

Water

into his “yomihon” novels? No definite answer yet. In an attempt to answer this question, first I will sum up references to

Water

in his reading journal Kamoku-shō in which he shows a considerable interest in it in terms of authorship, characters, lexicon, and editorial variants. Then I will point out his appropriation of the hundred-chapter and the hundred-and-twenty-chapter editions of

Water

for the fifth and seventh chapters of Shigeshige-yawa, the ninth chapter of Hitsuji-gusa, the sixth and ninth episodes of Tsuzoku-iou-giba-den, and the fifteenth episode of Yoshitsune-banjaku-den. Finally I will pick up twenty instances of the author’s idiosyncratic usage derived from

Water

. Indeed Tsuga made a glossary of the historical epic to reuse its words and phrases for his own writings. Thus the goal of this article is to demonstrate the essential integration of the Chinese classical text into Tsuga’s “yomihon” novels.

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Recent progress of research on sediment transport, bed deformation and landform evolution was summarized in this paper. It can be much easier than before to conduct a numerical simulation of sediment transport event and bed deformation for the present, but there still remain essential problems. Unsteady and non-equilibrium effect of flow on sediment transport, the effect of cohesive sediment on the bed deformation process in river, and a sediment transport itself in case that the river bed is composed of sediment mixture with a very wide range of size distribution are such problems to be investigated in near future. In addition to this, some results of numerical simulation were illustrated in this paper in order to discuss how we can predict this kind of phenomenon in this research field.

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Channel deformation process of a gravel-bed river with vegetation zone was investigated in the present study. The channel is assumed to be constituted by gravel-silt mixture. When we simulate this deformation process, the evaluation of erosion rate of silt from gravel-bed is important. The formula by Ashida and Fujita [1986] is only the applicable one. In this study, a “gravel-silt-packed bed model” was newly invented and introduced in order to make the computation effectively with the above mentioned formula. The model enables us to predict a temporal variation of sediment composition in bed as well as the bed elevation reasonably. In this paper, the model was applied to investigate the effect of both a zone of vegetation and a silt erosion and deposition on the channel deformation. As a result, it was confirmed that a depositional terrace like landform formed just inside the vegetation zone around a , which was observed and reported by Fujita et al. [1996].

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Oncomelania (Katayama) nosophora, the first intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum in Japan, has an amphibious habit and, as noticed early by Miyagawa (1914), Sugiura (1933) and others, rarely stays in deep water. These snails are usually found in or on the moist soil just above the water edge of the brook or on moist vegetable matter above the level of water. However, when they become infected with Schistosoma cercariae, the cercariae emerge from them only when they are in water. We do not know exactly whether they actively creep into water so frequently or not, but it seems such is rarely the case. They are submerged passively in water when the water level of the brooks comes up owing to rainfalls, irrigations of rice fields and other causes, and such would be a good chance for Schistosoma cercariae to emerge from them. In such cases, the time interval during which snails are submerged in water is important. The following experiments were conducted to know the behavior of Oncomelania nosophora when submerged in water.

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Channel deformation with bank erosion induced by the interaction between the flow and the vegetation along a are investigated in the paper by numerical analysis. Some kind of LES model for flow field and the slope collapse model for movable bed evolution were applied. It can be realized that the river channel migrates laterally just upstream of the vegetation zones, if they set diagonally along the both sides of water margins. Comparison between the numerical result and the experimental one was conducted, and then the validity of the numerical model was verified.

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Stable channel is realized through the process of (1) channel widening caused by a bank erosion, and (2) channel narrowing by a sediment deposition on a bank. The mechanics of the latter process is studied in the present paper. The deposited sediment in natural rivers is reported to be a very fine sand or silt transported as washload. So an idealized flume experiment together with a numerical computation were conducted in a steady or unsteady flow over a gravel bed with a fine sediment as washload. As a result, the deposition occurs around a without any effect of vegitation by a significant amount in an unsteady flow but by an extremely small amount in a steay flow.

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While some papers have been reported on the habitat survey of Oncomelania quadrasi (McMullen, 1952; Peshigan et al., 1957), no information is available on that of O. formosana.
The present author had a chance of observing the habitats of both snails in the Philippines and Taiwan with the financial aid of the Senior Grant Aid of WHO. The objectives of the habitat survey of the present author on both snails is to know the general aspect of their habitat and to know the characteristic enviromental conditions common to all Oncomelania snails. The following is the results of the survey.

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The Chinese Government made a national project to eradicate schistosomiasis in that country within 7 or 10 years to follow and requested an aid of Japanese parasitologists. The following is a recommendatory note made by the delegation as a result of the observation and survey in several endemic areas in that country.

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Characteristics of bank shape along approach channels at upstream reaches of spur-dikes in alluvial floodplain rivers of Bangladesh are investigated. The shape of river bank at approach channel sections are found to be non-rectangular that can be approximated as nearly trapezoidal. Available methods for the prediction of maximum local scour depth around spur-dikes are not capable to handle such problems where cross sectional shapes in approach flows are different from rectangular. Therefore, an analytical model is developed incorporating the variation of cross sectional shape of approach channels and applied to some of the spur-dikes along the alluvial floodplain rivers.

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Marginal seas of Eastern Asia which form a transition zone from the continent to the Pacific are considered from new positions: as a system of gigantic morpho-structures of the central type (mega-MCT). The main features of geological and geomorphological patterns and evolution of megastructures in question have been identified. The formation of the recent geomorphological image of marginal mega-MCT occurred in Mesozoic (mainly in Late Mesozoic)-Cenozoic under the conditions of continuous extension of the earth's crust over the whole western Pacific margin.

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This paper aims to measure the effects of poetry-comics on the attitudes of Iranian 10th graders towards the epic poetry of the Shahnameh. This qualitative research was carried out with a pre-test/post-test design. The sample comprised 31 male and 35 female Iranian teenagers aged 15. Analysis of the data was performed using t-Tests and regression tests to find correlations between variables. Results showed that the attitudes of participants towards the Shahnameh improved significantly after the intervention. It was also found that their attitudes improved significantly towards comics as a preferred means of reading the Shahnameh. Strong correlation was also found between 3 variables in the study, and results showed that being easy-to-read, being more enjoyable, were significantly correlated with the likelihood that students would read the Shahnameh again in their free time. In general, the results indicate that Poetry-comics adaptation of the Shahnameh was significantly effective in reconstructing students’ interest in reading this valued Iranian epic.

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Abstract: The distribution and spatio-temporal variation in population structure of the fluvial neritid gastropod Clithon retropictus(v. Martens, 1879)were studied over one year in the Saigo River, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. This species inhabits only the downstream reaches of the river, in the area that extends from freshwater to brackish water, and shows a marked spatio-temporal variation in population structure. The abundance of snails was greatest at the upstream limit of brackish water, where juveniles smaller than 8mm in shell width occurred throughout the year. Very few juveniles were found in the middle reaches of the brackish water and none was found in the freshwater area. Mean shell width of both males and females was smallest at the upstream limit of brackish water and tended to increase both upstream and downstream. Females were everywhere larger than males, and the sex ratio was always nearly one at the upstream limit of brackish water; however, there were many more females than males in the middle reaches of the brackish water area and throughout the freshwater reaches. These results suggest site-specific settlement of larvae at the upstream limit of brackish water, and growth-related movements of small and middle-sized snails both upstream and downstream. The mechanisms of downstream and upstream movement may be different, with the former being caused by passive displacement by floods or by density-dependent dispersal, whereas the latter probably involves active upstream migration.

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Ichikawa Danjūrō IX¹ was a renowned kabuki actor who was a central figure in attempts to reform kabuki during the early Meiji period. For instance, Danjūrō promoted a new genre that employed historical investigation and an acting method based upon realism in order to revise existing historical plays. But eventually Danjūrō became more conservative and responded skeptically to untested new plays, committing himself to restaging old masterpieces. It is a common belief that the emergence of shimpa plays, which captivated audiences by concentrating upon spectacular battle scenes instead of plots and acting, aggravated Danjūrō's sense that kabuki was in crisis. Indeed, it has been argued that Danjūrō then shifted his stance to pursue the promotion of kabuki as a lofty tradition. However, there was also another core impetus behind Danjūrō's conversion.

In this paper, I examine pieces of evidence showing that Danjūrō began to endeavor to canonize the traditional form of kabuki around the time when kabuki plays were staged for the Emperor Meiji for the first time in 1887. I contend that this unprecedented event, tenran kabuki, convinced Danjūrō to abandon his stance on the reformation of kabuki. In particular, after this time he started to deploy the power of Kanjinchō (The Subscription List), one of the plays in the setlist of tenran kabuki and mainly performed plays adapted from canonical nohgaku or Chikamatsu jōruri. The process of canonization carried out by Danjūrō seriously affected the direction of the entire kabuki industry and lent momentum to the trend in which kabuki actors preferred traditional plays in order to distinguish kabuki from contemporary performances. By illuminating Danjūrō IX's efforts to canonize kabuki, I clarify the initial steps in establishing modern kabuki as a traditional performing art.

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This paper explores how Chinese physicians before the modern period thought about the relationships between eating and illness. It identifies two broad periods in the development of these ideas. In the first, from the late Zhou through the early Tang dynasties, doctors wrote about the importance of balance and moderation to a healthy diet, and the sorts of eating-induced illnesses they discussed were generally associated with overindulgence. These emphases did not disappear in the late imperial period, but they took on a new urgency and they were joined by a new attention to illnesses associated with food deprivation and hunger. This change reflected both the way in which thirteenth-century physician Li Dongyuan raised the eating-illness connection to a new level of significance, and the way in which social and economic change in late imperial China had focused more attention on the habits of the rich and the plight of the poor.

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I have obtained following results written in my 209 scientific papers. 1. The tropospheric aerosols having the residence time of about 5 days are sporadically transported with a few % of long lived stratospheric aerosols. 2. The air-sea gas exchange at the sea surface is highly controlled by air bubbles taken into the depths sometimes more than 20m, inducing the fact that the gas exchange rate of CO₂ is a few tens % at least larger than that of O₂. 3. The Pacific Deep Water can absorb the largest amount of CO₂ when its nutrients are used by photosynthesis, due to the facts that (i) it dissolved much CaCO₃ test during its stay in the deep, (ii) it was formed before the industrial revolution, and (iii) it expelled CO₂ from the surface during winter in the Antarctic Ocean. 4. The continental shelf zone shallower than 200m occupying only 8% of area of world seas is contributing about a half of the oceans' atmospheric CO₂ absorption. 5. Chemical tracers reveal one order of magnitude slower northward flow of the Pacific Deep Water than the current meter, its vertical eddy diffusivity of 1.2cm²/sec and its oldest age of 2000 years as well as 3% renewal of the Japan Sea deep water in winter 2000-2001. 6. Analyzing the oceanic behavior of radiochemical isotopes of insoluble metals, most of which cannot be collected on filter paper but settle down with great speeds, I submitted the train-passengers model for their removal from the ocean. 7. Sediment trap experiments gave the results that the organic C/carbonate C ratio is large in the western North Pacific, but it decreases with depth, indicating that the biological pump in the eastern Pacific and the Atlantic deeper than 1km is helpless. 8. In the Cenozoic era, diatoms are the strongest phytoplankton in the ocean, but their superiority disappears by reducing the concentration of dissolved silica below a threshold value due to their exclusive propagation during, for example, spring blooming, introducing the community of flagellates. 9. Mn in seawater is oxidized and removed forming particles, but it is remobilized by reducing in sediments. Repeating the processes, Mn is transported to the pelagic ocean and ferromanganese nodules are made slowly. 10. The low atmospheric CO₂ during the glacial ages is not due to the active biological production, but due to the bottom water flowing into the Atlantic and dissolving CaCO₃ followed by absorbing CO₂ at the surface as well as stronger stratification by making the bottom water dense.

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