This paper empirically examines the effects of personnel system reform at the Prefectural

on differences in job grades, which are considered to significantly influence promotion incentives. The analysis found that after Prefectural personnel systems were overhauled, differences in wages among job grades widened and age became a less important factor. In short, the starting pay is higher for work than for general civil service jobs, but because the screening process for jobs is so strict, future pay raises are lower; so is the average compensation. However, a personnel policy that supplements relatively low pay with good benefits is the general wage practice in Prefectural departments. This paper confirms the major point that wage structure reform that increases pay differentials between job grades and promotion system reform that makes it easier to advance to the Assistant Inspector level serve as incentives both to those who are likely to be promoted and to those who are not.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the features of skill formation among

personnel by examining job rotation.

An empirical result based on an integrated job mobility table for

bureaucrats showed that the National Agency allocates its human resources to five major field -“General Secretariat”, “Security”, “Criminal Investigation”, “Traffic” and “Community Safety”, with a high propensity to transfer within same fields and high correlation of job transfer between“ General Secretariat” and “Security and Criminal Investigation” in particular. In addition, an analysis of career of individual bureaucrats showed that their entire career from entry to retirement can be divided equally among three ways: a managerial work, a specific specialized field and other jobs or temporary transfers. In contrast to previous studies which indicated that top-level bureaucrats have wide-range experiences in“ multiple fields”, I found the new evidences that bureaucrats spend a third of their career in a“ specific specialised field”.

On the other hand, in the Prefectural

, even chief inspectors that are ranked above station managers tend to transfer within a same field to acquire a specialized skill. Since the specialized fields of inspectors coincident with their final jobs before promotion, it is suggested that they accumulate a specific skill within the same fields at least from a period when they were inspectors. As for senior ranks such as superintendent and above, the higher-ranking persons tend to acquire wide-range experiences and spend the rest of their career in managerial work.

Although

bureaucrats are not able to develop their expertise due to the overwhelming breadth of their career, a skill formation system of bureaucrats has been maintained by narrowing the career breadth of local officers and equipping them with an expertise. Combining these skills lies at the heart of the human resource management of organizations that have maintained the duality of organization.

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[Purpose] This study was conducted to investigate efficient, systematic management of the Korean and to examine the status and prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in Korean officers. [Subjects and Methods] A survey of officers (353 subjects) who visited the National Hospital from March 2013 to May 2013 was conducted using a structured questionnaire. [Results] The incidence of pain was 44.2% in the shoulder, 41.4% in the waist, 31.2% in the neck, 26.1% in the legs/foot, 16.7% in the hand/wrist/finger, and 14.7% in the arm/elbow. The comparative risk of the relevant part factors was analyzed by multiple regression analysis. The shoulder had a 4.87 times higher risk in lieutenants compared with those under the rank of corporal and a 1.78 times higher risk in people with chronic diseases than those without chronic diseases. The arm/elbow had a 2.37 times higher risk in people who exercised than those who did not exercise and a 1.78 times higher risk in people with a chronic disease than those without chronic diseases. Generally, people with a chronic disease showed a higher risk than those without chronic diseases. [Conclusion] The results of this study could be useful as basic data for improvement of welfare, specialized treatment for the health safety of the , and efficient management of resources.

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Most of the traffic assignment practices in Taiwan are based on experiential rules. Without an in-depth analysis, the prevailing practices may lead to overstaffing or unfair duties loading among the . To rectify the shortcomings, this paper develops a linear programming (LP) model to solve the traffic assignment problem. The core logic of the proposed model is to adjust the current work shifts in a reasonable manner and then schedule the available manpower to various time intervals. For demonstration, the proposed LP model is applied to Da-an Precinct in Taipei. The results showed that it can save up to 16% on the existing deployable force or 9% on the total staff in the case precinct. Future directions for traffic assignment are elaborated.

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A traditional view is that officers possess negative attitudes toward seeking professional help. However, few empirical studies have investigated help-seeking behaviour in services. This study aimed to investigate help-seeking behaviour, gender differences, and the relationship to self-reported physical and mental health problems in the Norwegian service. Comparisons were made with a sample of the general Norwegian population. A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3,272 Norwegian officers at all hierarchical levels was conducted; measurements included help-seeking, Subjective Health Complaint questionnaire (SHC), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Paykel's Suicidal Feelings in the General Population, alcohol and medication to cope, self reported health, and sick leave. Female officers contacted nearly all health professionals more than their male counterparts. Help-seeking was largely unaffected by age. Less than 10% of those reporting anxiety or depressive symptoms or serious suicidal ideation had contacted a psychologist or psychiatrist. A chiropractor had been contacted by 14.5% of the sample during the past year, compared with 7% in the general Norwegian population. Anxiety symptoms were associated with seeking a chiropractor (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3-2.7). The strongest association with contacting a psychologist or psychiatrist was medication used to cope (OR 5.8, 95% CI 3.0-11.1). The first nationwide study on help-seeking behaviour showed that officers sought help among specialists in private practice, physiotherapists and chiropractors relatively often. However, they contacted a psychologist or psychiatrist rarely, even when reporting serious suicidal ideation.

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The role of the in Western society is undergoing a transformation that reflects the economic social and technological changes in the community and the assertion of individual rights within a democracy. The aim of this study is to evaluate level of stress among a group of French policemen and to examine the association between policing, potential stressors and stress levels. The sample is drawn from a large metropolitan force (n=617). The population extends from the first line policeman to top senior management. Each policeman is matched for age (more or less five years) and sex, to a control. Policemen and controls complete a self administered questionnaire including demographic, occupational and health characteristics, and a stress level assessment with the help of a visual analogue scale. The average age of the two groups is 40 yr. Eighty-four percent are men. The total score for average sources is not statistically significantly different for policemen and controls. Comparison of a group with a high stress level to a population with a low and moderate stress level is made. The comparison is done first only with men, and second with the whole population. Policemen with a high stress level (same results only for men and the whole population) belong to the following groups: more than 15 yr service, sergeant, officer and administrative employee rank, divorced experience, age over 30, no leisure-time activities and no hobbies. Multivariate analysis shows that the two last parameters are bound to the stress level. For the whole population, age over 30 has to be added, and for the group of men, length of service over five years should be noted. Stress at work is an ill-health provoking factor. from minority groups such as ageing subjects or officers have been reported to experience greater stress. This population is adversely affected by lack of available manpower and long working hours. In fact sources of stress in the population are found both in the weariness of the job and private life planning.

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Many endeavors have been already made to study the real situations of organization of the or performance of policemen's duties and to seek the factors determining these realities. Especially, many works to throw light on the real situations of illegality accompanied with the performance of policemen's duties have obtained cxcellent results. In a task as important as seeking the real situations of illegality, we have to study the legal (negative) sanctions and other reactions, which will bring on the prevention of delict. In the field of judicial functions, legal sanctions, such as the punishment of illegal policemen, the reparation to victims, the restriction of competency in confession and the denial of competency in illegally obtained evidence, are presently functioning to prevent illegality. However, in the field of administrative functions, especially of Keibi-koan Keisatsu (namely, “public safety ”) as the political , we can hardly find the sanctions mentioned above. It is a problem of legal sociology in study to analyze the situations of legal sanctions and other reactions to illegality accompanied with the activity of “public safety ”, especially to make clear the reasons why the legal science as a conscious legal-policy science does not effectively respond to them, and to clarify the factors determining these present situations.
It remains an important problem to study the realities of organization of the or performance of policemen's duties, and to seek the factors determining these realities. As regards this problem, we must overcome the difficulties in obtaining materials for our studies, because if we publish our research work it becomes difficult to collect them. In my own experience, when I researched the realities of Petition and Permission required for the marriage of policemen (regulations as adopted in early Meiji era), my interviews were not refused by policemen. Therefore, I could pursue my investigation without any hindrance. However, as I published “Marriage of Policemen” on the above-mentioned problem (1951), “Philosophy of Policemen” bearing on a law consciousness or life consciousness of policemen (1952), “What is Neo-Tokko?” (“Tokko” means the special political in old Japan) on their activities to gather informations (1954), and the result of research of “Scoresystem” (a sort of merit system) on policemen (1955), my study caused policemen's precautions and it went difficult to obtain materials for my study. These articles are collected in “ in Japan” (eighth and revised edition, 1969). I think it is also an important problem of legal sociology in study to research how to meet such difficulties.

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The aim of the study is to evaluate, by ambulatory (24 h) blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), whether officers exposed to urban pollutants and possible psycho-social stressors could be at risk of changes in ambulatory systolic blood pressure (SBP), and ambulatory diastolic blood pressure (DBP) compared to controls. After excluding the principal confounding factors, officers and controls have been subdivided into non-smoker and smoker subjects. officers were compared by sex, age, length of service, family history of cardiovascular disease, serum total cholesterol, serum HDL cholesterol, serum LDL cholesterol, plasma triglyceride, body mass index (BMI kg/m ²) and drinking habits with controls. Smoker officers were compared with controls also by the smoking habit. In the non smoker group 77 officers with outdoor activity (38 men and 39 women) and 87 controls with indoor activity (43 men and 44 women) were studied. In the smoker group 43 officers (21 men and 22 women) and 29 controls (15 men and 14 women) were studied. In non smoker male officers ambulatory SBP mean values during 24 h, during day-time and during night-time were significantly higher than controls. In the same group ambulatory DBP values during 24 h and between 6 AM and 11 AM and between 10 PM and 6 AM were significantly higher in officers than controls. The results suggest that occupational exposure to urban pollutants and possible psycho-social stressors could cause changes in ABPM values in male officers compared to controls.

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  This paper analyzes the Japanese 's “Zendo-shugi” policy to the Korean residents in the late Taisho period. It aimed to ease the discontent of the Korean residents except “Hutei(dangerous)” Koreans. It was influenced mainly by the new policy of the Government-General of Korea after the March First movement and also partly by the new policy of the Japanese after the Rice Riot and the former colonial bureaucrats and their policy. In rivalry with the judiciaries, the tried to understand the anti-Japanese sentiment of the Koreans and satisfy them. But it tended to provoke the Koreans' antipathy toward its interference and had a problem that “Zendo” raised the Korean nationalism. And it was difficult for the to realize the policy because lower-ranking policemen couldn't understand the “Zendo-shugi”. And further, as some Korean immigrant workers the hadn't seen dangerous sometimes resorted to violence, the had trouble in distinguishing dangerous Koreans from good Koreans

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[Purpose] This study investigated factors that affect the health of officers by analyzing job stress, psychosocial stress, and fatigue faced by officers in order to provide basic data for the efficient management of officers and future comparative research. [Subjects and Methods] officers admitted to the National Hospital from March to May 2013 were surveyed to investigate their degree of stress. The questionnaire consisted of 4 areas related to patient characteristics: general and demographic characteristics factors, job stress, psychosocial stress, and fatigue. [Results] The analysis of the relationships among job stress, psychosocial health, and fatigue showed the 0%, 44.7%, and 82% of those with healthy, potential, and high risks of stress had high job stress, respectively. Meanwhile, 40.8% and 77.9% of subjects with normal and high risks of fatigue had high job stress. [Conclusion] The studies can be used as basic and comparative data for the prevention and early control of job-related diseases for officers.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate whether traffic officers exposed to chemical, physical and psycho-social stressors, are at risk for alterations in plasma levels of prolactin (PRL) compared to a control group. Plasma PRL levels were evaluated in 92 male and 51 female, non-smoker, traffic officers exposed to urban stressors and in 92 male and 51 female controls, matched by sex, age and working life (mean, SD and distribution), after excluding workers with the principal extra-occupational confounding factors. Mean PRL levels were significantly higher than controls in non-smoker, male and female traffic officers (respectively, p=0.000 and p=0.013). The number of non-smoker, male and female traffic officers with PRL values outside the upper normal limit for our laboratory was higher than, but not significantly different from controls. Mean PRL levels were not significantly higher than controls in smoker, male and female traffic officers. The number of smoker, male and female traffic officers with PRL values outside the normal limit for our laboratory was not significantly different from controls. The results suggest that exposure to urban chemical and physical stressors, interacting with psychosocial factors, may have an influence on PRL levels in traffic officers. The level of plasma PRL might be a useful early biological marker for workers exposed to urban stressors.

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Past research has documented that non-behavioral variables (such as long work hours, exposure to stressors) are associated with obesity risk in officers, but limited research has examined behavioral variables that might be targeted by Employee Assistance Programs for weight management. The present study compared non-obese and obese officers for behavioral variables found associated with obesity in other adult samples: physical activity (cardiovascular, strength-training, stretching), sleep duration, and consumption of alcohol, fruit and vegetables, and snack foods. Participants included 172 male officers who completed questionnaires to report height and weight, used to calculate body mass index (BMI = kg/m²) and to divide them into “non-obese” and “obese” groups. They also reported the above behaviors and six non-behavioral variables found associated with obesity risk: age, health problems, family support, work hours, stressors, support. ANCOVAs compared each behavioral variable across obesity status (non-obese, obese), with the six non-behavioral variables used as covariates. Results revealed that cardiovascular and strength-training physical activity were the only behavioral variables that differed significantly between non-obese and obese officers. The use of self-reported height and weight values may provide Employee Assistance Program with improved cost, time, and officer participation.

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Today, maintaining the good mental health of workers has become an important social concern. However, due to the nature of their duties, the stress of

officers have not yet been enough clarified. Clarifying it and exploring effective stress coping strategies for them is important for their good mental health. A questionnaire survey on work-related stress was conducted for almost 700 officers. The results of the survey showed that the percentage of those with high stress was significantly higher than that of the general population. However, the reality is that many officers are able to continue their duties. Therefore, it is speculated that there are factors that allow officers to relieve from the work-related stress. In this study, the number of officers who felt that they had support from their colleagues, superiors, and family members was significantly higher. This result suggests that the stress among them may be supported by their surroundings.

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We introduce an edge routing decision problem called the

officer patrol problem (POPP), which is related to the vertex cover problem. A vertex cover of a graph can be regarded as the placement of officers or fixed surveillance cameras so that each street of a neighborhood represented by the graph can be confirmed visually without moving from their position. In the edge routing problem we consider, a single officer must confirm all the streets. The officer is allowed to move, but can confirm any street visually from an incident intersection without traversing it. In this paper, we show that the POPP on mixed graphs is NP-complete.

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警察制度は、占領下と1950年代半ばの大幅な改編を経て今日に至っている。公安委員会の警察に対する管理は「大綱方針」の立案と履行の監視が中心であるが、教育委員会の教育行政に対する管理はそれにとどまらない。委員の資格要件をみると、公安委員の方が素人統制の性格が強い。公安委員会は警察を「人民の機関」するために、GHQの指示により生まれたが、委員は当初から任命制であった。これらの比較を通じて、教育委員会制度の意義とあり方を再検討した。

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