The purpose of this study was to clarify the issues that Japanese American football players need to overcome in trying to sign a contract with an NFL team through interviews. The subjects were four Japanese American football players who had participated in the training camp of an NFL team in the past. Interviews were conducted in person. The content of the interviews was recorded with the subjects' permission, and the recorded audio was transcribed. The content related to each issue was coded and classified. As a result, three main issues were identified: issues related to competition, issues outside of competition, and issues related to the athletic experience in the United States. When Japanese players aspire to play in the NFL, they must deal with the athletic challenges they face at each football position and overcome the non-athletic challenges they face by learning the language and receiving support from various people. In addition, they need to adapt to the competitive environment in the United States by gaining football playing experience as soon as possible.

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　症例は25歳男性，社会人アメリカンフットボール選手，ベンチプレス中に左肩で弾ける音がして受傷した．受傷後2ヶ月時に当院を受診し左大胸筋腱停止部断裂の診断でアンカーによる解剖学的修復を行った．術後1年で試合へ完全復帰を果たし経過良好である．大胸筋腱断裂は報告数の増加に伴い，近年その治療法が検討されている．諸文献で手術による比較的良好な成績が得られており，本症例でも手術の優位性が示唆された．

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 The purpose of this study was to verify the effectiveness of the Heads Up Tackling program for defensive players and its influence on safety and performance. Head impacts in football players are directly associated with brain and spine injury, and have been proposed to be associated with injuries such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Therefore, improvement of safety has been a challenge in American football, from the perspective of injury prevention. In 2012, USA Football, the national governing body for amateur American football in the USA developed the Heads Up Football (HUF) program which included “Heads Up Tackling” (HUT), a set of new guidelines for tackling. HUT has been attracting attention in the context of safe tackling through a new coaching methodology. Although in Japan so far, there have been no reports of football-related chronic injuries caused by head impacts, many concussions occur in football games. Therefore, it seem necessary to identify a methodology for teaching tackling techniques in order to reduce the risks of head and neck injury. A number of studies have focused on coaching intervention in relation to safety, and for reducing head impact exposure and injury. However, no reports have focused on the impact of these efforts on athletic performance during a game. If it could be confirmed that HUT reduces the risk of injury in football games without decreasing athlete performances, it would be a useful resource for instruction on tackling skills. Here, 4 matches in the Japan top league (X-league) 2014 and 2015 season were analyzed, before and after HUT intervention was executed in the preseason of 2015. A total of 166 coded tackles were compared in terms of “tackling characteristics”, “amount of injuries”, “effectiveness of tackling”, and “loss of yards” to examine the effect of HUT techniques on “safety” and “effectiveness”. The results revealed that (1) the frequency of “head down” tackling was significantly lower after HUT intervention, (2) the “amount of injuries” was reduced after HUT intervention, (3) there was no effect on the “effectiveness of tackling” in games, (4) “loss of yards” was reduced after HUT intervention, and (5) HUT appeared to reduce the risks of injury in football games, without decreasing tackling performance.

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　This paper introduces the activities of the Yokoyama Seminar of the Faculty of Service Innovation at Chiba University of Commerce (CUC). Section 2 introduces the characteristics of CUC. Section 3 describes the features of the Faculty of Service Innovation. Then, in Section 4, the activities of the Yokoyama Seminar are introduced. In the Yokoyama Seminar, there are three groups: the “ Data Analysis Group,” the “ Mobile Application Development Group,” and the “Sales and Public Relations Group,” which take on practical challenges.
　By facing challenges with a sense of responsibility and based on logical thinking skills, students are developing into human resources who can actively solve problems and accomplish tasks based on data in the field of service.

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本稿は、夙川学院短期大学において筆者が担当する情報処理演習での、キー入カトレーニングに関する研究である。これまで情報処理演習では、最初に基本訓練としてキーボードでの入力練習を行ってきたが、普通の文章を打つだけでは、使用するキーの頻度にばらつきがあり、学習効率が悪い。そこで、ローマ字入力におけるキーの使用頻度に着目して、低頻度キーを用いる単語をピックアップし、それらを多く含む練習文を作成した。単語探しや文章作りは、キーボードの演習を兼ねて学生に作業してもらい、筆者が最終的に選別した。本稿では、ローマ字入力の問題点、低頻度キーとそれを用いる単語、効果的な学習が期待できる練習文の実例などを述べる。

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    This paper presents a comparative institutional analysis of the endogenous and self-enforcing system of “Japanese company sports” and examines the characteristics of the design and problems of its transitions. The remarkable feature of the institutional design of Japanese company sports in the sports domain is the “institutional complementarity” with Japanese-style employment practices in the company domain, mediated by the company athletes who play games simultaneously as athletes in sport domain and as employees in the company domain. Such institutional interdependencies between two different domains also provide managerial resources to the National Sports Federation or top-league organization and greatly affect its institutional design. Thus, we can understand the company sports as an endogenous and self-enforcing equilibrium outcome of the game in both domains.
    Because of this institutional complementarity, Japanese company sports can’ t be easily changed, according to what is known in Comparative Institutional Analysis as the “inertia” . For example, it is difficult to dismiss an employee who is a company athlete under the Japanese-style employment practice. However, in recent years, because of the slow economic growth and decreasing corporate profits, combined with the decreasing merits of Japanese-style employment practices, the benefit of company sports in the context of labor management has decreased significantly. By considering these factors, a transition to an alternative system of professional or community sport is planned. However, one issue involved with this transition is that although company sports bring great benefits, the transition involves risk for the athletes, as they must rebuild their careers in some way. The second issue is that for company sports, which are at the center of company costs, independent management as well as intellectual and personal management resources are not combined. The third issue is the adjustment of complementarity with the existing systems during transition.

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本報では，成長に資するカーボンプライシング（CP）について，気候変動に関する国内外の動向や経済産業省における取組を交えながら説明した。
カーボンニュートラル（CN）実現に向けた経済的手法の一つであるCPは，その主体や価格の明示性の違い等により，炭素税・排出量取引・クレジット取引等の様々な手法が存在する。これまでの政府方針では，産業の競争力強化やイノベーション，投資促進につながる「成長に資するCP」として，まずは自主的かつ市場ベースでのCPを推進していくとされている。
政府方針を受け，経済産業省では，参画企業が自ら高い排出削減目標を掲げ，目標達成に向けて各企業が排出量取引を行う「GXリーグ」を設立。GXリーグはCNに向けた未来像の議論・創造や市場創造・ルールメイキングを議論する場でもあり，今年2月にGXリーグ基本構想を公表して以後，440社が賛同し，日本の排出量の4割以上をカバーしている。
同時に，国内で流通するJ-クレジット，JCM等のクレジットの価格が公示され，取引の活性化を図るため，カーボン・クレジット市場を構築していく。
以上のGXリーグ，カーボン・クレジット市場は，クリーンエネルギー戦略や新しい資本主義「実行計画」等の最新の政府方針において，今年度中に実証試験を行い，来年度に本格稼働する旨が位置づけられているところであり，引き続き成長に資するCPの取組を進めていく。

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　The purpose of this study was to extract current issues associated with the understanding of tackling techniques taught by college football coaches in Japan. The goal was to acquire fundamental information for a coaching method that would promote safe and effective tackling techniques. A total of 99 college football coaches from Japan (mean age 36.7±0.5 years) took part in the study. A questionnaire was conducted in order to understand key points that were considered important in their coaching methods. The results and observations can be summarized as follows.
　1. Tackling techniques taught by football coaches in Japan often lead to concussions. This is due to coaching methods that focus heavily on tackling techniques with high concussion risks, and placing no importance on HUT-based tackling. In addition, their understanding of the “Hit” phase and “HUT” varies, leading to a greater possibility of teaching tackling with a high risk of concussion.
　2. Regardless of factors such as age, the position taken as an active player, the instructor’s income, and coaching qualifications, coaches who do not have much player or coach experience have an increased tendency to teach tackling techniques associated with high risks of concussion and injury.
　3. In order to prevent concussions and promote safer tackling coaching in Japan, it is crucial for coaches who have little experience in playing or coaching to have access to appropriate information and education opportunities, and for coach certification programs to be improved.

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    Most researches on sports spectators have concentrated on how to increase spectating frequencies and they have conducted surveys only on sports spectators. The potential spectator market was reported to be 39.3%, which is equivalent to the actual Japan’ s spectators’ market. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on potential spectators. In the Behavioral Science domain one of the most effective models is the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change (TTM) , which can be applied to various behaviors. The present study examined the application of the TTM to sports spectating behavior, especially in the case of several ball games held in a top sports league. In particular, questionnaires were administered to adults aged 20-69 to assess the reliability and validity of the stages of change for the sports spectating behavior scale. In study I, (reliability test) , data collected from 166 adults through the internet showed a good reliability among the 2-week test-retest [Kappa Index (κ) =.67] . Then, in study II, (validity test) , the relationship between the stages of behavioral changes of sports spectating and the degree of self-reported sports spectating behavior (the annual length of spectating time, intention of spectating) was investigated among adults in A city. The results revealed that sports spectating behavior significantly differentiated among the stages of change. Specifically, participants in the post-adoption stages (preparation, action, and maintenance) reported a significantly greater amount of annual sports spectating time compared to those in pre-adoption stages (pre-contemplation and contemplation) . Moreover, participants in pre-contemplation stages reported a significantly lower score in intention of spectating compared to those in other stages. The TTM, originally developed for various behaviors such as healthy and unhealthy ones, can be generalized for use in evaluating sports spectating behavior.

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In recent years, even as the management forms of many leagues and teams and the contract forms of players have become professional, the environment provided for referees to judge and manage matches has not kept pace. In the future, improving not only the performance of the athletes, but also the qualifications of the referees will be indispensable for improving their competitiveness in various sports. It is not clear what the referees currently active in the top leagues of each sport are doing on a daily basis. This study aims to clarify : the current state of referees active in the top leagues of domestic ball games, and the regular efforts made by the referees to take part in refereeing activities. We conducted a questionnaire survey for referees in 12 leagues of the nine sports that make up the Japan Top League alliance. The survey was conducted from March 9 to April 7, 2019, and responses were obtained from 310 referees (260 males, 50 females). According to the analysis, there were only seven professional referees who earned a living solely from referee activities. Further, the average number of games per year in which they officiated was 33.61 (median : 30), and the average number of days during the season they were involved in refereeing activities was 76.51 (median : 60). These results show that many referees spend most of their weekends during the season in refereeing. Regarding the daily efforts to participate in refereeing activities, it was found that many referees routinely manage their time. In particular, it was found that referees with extensive experience have eliminated the constraints that make past experience the basis for participation in refereeing activities.

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In this article I discuss the value of sports facilities, which are essential for the development and spread of sports, from the viewpoint of city planning. Specifically, I examine the present conditions of city planning and soccer stadiums from a sociological point of view. I attempt to clarify the problems. The results of this investigation led to some important conclusions as outlined below.

(1) The Urban planning of the J League is strongly focused on urban development. Therefore the methodology regarding city planning is not evident.

(2) The attached facilities for soccer stadiums are dominated by meeting rooms and training rooms. Also, around the stadium are general sports parks, and the purpose and function of these facilities tends to be concentrated on sports. Therefore, the opportunities for public stadium interactions are limited.

(3) When looking at city planning, one can roughly classify planning into one of 3 cases: One is where stadium construction and the club foundation were carried out at the same time. Another is driven by the local government urban development. Finally, planning that is tied to a 100 years design and a local sports promotion policy.

(4) When talking about city planning, one cannot observe that stadium planning and all those involved are coordinating their efforts together. However, they are showing that they are increasing the scope of urban planning. This is due to the legal requirements regarding sports promotion and urban planning that have been developed. The comprehensive sports concept that J League has promoted has become established and the demand for sports has increased in society.

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