Multiple birth rates in entire Japan were analyzed using vital statistics for 1951 to 1968 1974 to 1992. The twinning rate per 1, 000 births was 6.4 in 1951 remained fairly constant until 1968, then decreased to .8 in 1974 gradually increased to 7. in 1992. The triplet rate was fairly constant for 1951-1974 (56 per million births), then increased with the year up to 1982 (104), decreased up to 1984 (87), increased thereafter (229 in 1992). The average rate of quadruplets per million births for 1951-1968 was 0.93, then increased to 3.3 in 1974 6. in 1975, decreased or remained constant until 1984 increased thereafter (19.7 in 1992). The rate of quintuplets was 0.86 per million births for 1975-1989 2.89 for 1990-1992. The rate of sextuplets was 0.21 per million births for 1975-1992. The higher multiple birth rates since 1975 have been attributed to the higher proportion of mothers treated with ovulation-inducing hormones since 1985 partially attributed to in-vitro fertilization. J Epidemiol, 1994; 4 : 103-109.

抄録全体を表示

We hosted a public forum on the theme of geoparks in disaster-stricken areas at the UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction. It was found that the participants shared a common understanding that the important tasks of a geopark are to provide content based on the advantages of viewing the two aspects of nature – namely, disasters

gifts – from a common perspective, to create a network supporting the expert knowledge needed for this content the skills to convey such knowledge.

抄録全体を表示

The

by Marcel Mauss showed that giving has multiple factors that seem to contradict each other. Freedom obligation are constantly described as being two sides of the same coin in the book. This study focuses on the ambiguity polysemy of hospitality gifts that Mauss suggested. The Daasanach, who in the border area of Ethiopia Kenya, fight with their neighboring groups. Nevertheless, many Daasanach have friends who belong to these groups. When a violent conflict ends, members of the two groups voluntarily visit each other’s lands, interact peacefully, form friendships. The friendships among them are neither formed as a result of acts of social obligation nor are relationships formed as a means for an individual to seek one’s own profit. They are relationships that are formed when two parties with different daily lives happen to encounter one another, with one party providing hospitality /or gifts to another who cannot do anything but “wait.” In this paper, I will analyze the emerging process of friendship emphasize the coincidental aspect of hospitality giving.

抄録全体を表示

At 14:46 on March 11, 2011, the Great East Japan Earthquake tsunami occurred off the coast of Honshu, Japan. In the acute phase of this catastrophe, one of our teams was deployed as a Tokyo Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT) to Kudan Kaikan in Tokyo, where the ceiling of a large hall had partially collapsed as the result of the earthquake, to conduct triage at the scene: 6 casualties were assigned to the red category (immediate), which included 1 case of cardiopulmonary arrest 1 of flail chest; 8 casualties in the yellow category (delayed); 22 casualties in the green category (minor). One severely injured person was transported to our hospital. Separately, our medical team was deployed to Miyagi 2 hours after the earthquake in our multipurpose medical vehicle as part of Japan DMAT (J-DMAT). We were the first DMAT from the metropolitan area to , but we were unable to start medical relief activities because the information infrastructure had been destroyed no specific information had yet reached the local headquarters. Early next morning, J-DMAT decided to support Sendai Medical Center search rescue efforts in the affected area to establish a staging care unit at Camp Kasuminome of the Japan Self-Defense Force. Our team joined others to establish the staging care unit. Because information was still confused until day 3 of the disaster we could not adequately grasp onsite medical needs, our J-DMAT decided to provide onsite support at Ishinomaki Red Cross Hospital, a disaster base hospital, relay information about its needs to the local J-DMAT headquarters. Although our medical relief teams were deployed as quickly as possible, we could not begin medical relief activities immediately owing to the severely damaged information infrastructure. Only satellite mobile phones could be operated, information on the number of casualties the severity of shortages of lifeline services could be obtained only through a "go see" approach. Because there was no way to transmit or receive this vital information, disaster workers in the affected areas faced many challenges. For the future, network data links need to be made more resistant to infrastructure damage, redundant or reach-back systems involving multitiered satellite, wireless, radio frequency data links would provide definitive solutions. Such integrated systems should be designed around seamless connectivity based on an "always best connected" principle for maintaining communication quality.

抄録全体を表示

Recently problems with commercial IP telephony systems have been reported one after another, in Japan. One of the important causes is congestion in the control plane. It has been recognized that with the current Internet it is important to control not only congestion caused by overload of the data plane but also congestion caused by overload of the control plane. In particular, “retry traffic,” such as repeated attempts to set up a connection, tends to cause congestion. In general, users make repeated attempt to set up connections not only when the data plane is congested but also when the control plane in the network is overloaded. The latter is caused by user behavior: an increase in the waiting time for the processing of connection establishment to be completed tends to increase his or her initiation of reattempts. Thus, it is important to manage both data plane control-plane resources effectively. In this paper, we focus on RSVP-based communication services including IP telephony, introduce a model that takes account of both data-plane control-plane systems, we examine the behavior of retry traffic. In addition, we compare the system stability achieved by two different resource management methods, the hard-state method the soft-state method.

抄録全体を表示

 Generally, in order to improve some regional fire fighting validity, indispensable strategies are not only a reinforcement of the governmental fire fighting ability, but also a strengthening of the cooperative relationship between governmental non-governmental fire fighting ability. However, for practical purposes, the effective strategy should be different depending on the actual situationin the subject area. So, in this study, we grasp the actual state background of the problems that need to be solved for the improvement of the regional fire fighting validity in Bangkok as a case study, examine the appropriate solution focusing on the relationship between official voluntary fire fighting.
 Through some practicable activities such as interviews, investigati ons, making the regional fire fighting validity map, it became clear that the problems of uncooperative relationship the lack of trust between stakeholders should be solved first foremost.

抄録全体を表示

This research aimed to investigate differences in collision avoidance judgments made by navigators who had different levels of experience

were restricted to using either radar or landscape information, but not both. Collision avoidance judgment was assessed for four groups using metrics of timing degrees of bearing relating to course alteration. Experiments were conducted in a simulator-based navigation room using a comparatively complex traffic situation in which multiple collisions needed to be avoided in sequence.

The results of course change timings indicated that less experienced navigators required less time than experienced navigators when restricted to using radar information. Results pertaining to the degree of bearing change relating to course alteration indicated that navigation using landscape information provided decisions that were more consistent, regardless of the experience level, whereas navigation using radar information led to a wide range of decisions regardless of the experience level. This suggests that access to landscape information contributes to prevent navigators from making diverse judgments for collision avoidance. Results thus show that the use of mainly landscape information appears to be crucial in maintaining safety when navigators avoid each other.

抄録全体を表示

Access to information is taken for granted in urban areas covered by a robust communication infrastructure. Nevertheless most of the areas in the world, are not covered by such infrastructures. We propose a DTN publish subscribe system called Hikari, which uses nodes' mobility in order to distribute messages without using a robust infrastructure. The area of Disruption/Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN) focuses on providing connectivity to locations separated by networks with disruptions delays. The Hikari system does not use node identifiers for message forwarding thus eliminating the complexity of routing associated with many forwarding schemes in DTN. Hikari uses nodes paths' information, advertised by special nodes in the system or predicted by the system itself, for optimizing the message dissemination process. We have used the Paris subway system, due to it's complexity, to validate Hikari to analyze it's performance. We have shown that Hikari achieves a superior deliver rate while keeping redundant messages in the system low, which is ideal when using devices with limited resources for message dissemination.

抄録全体を表示

As East African pastoral societies are incorporated into a global order of markets money, they attract considerable attention as to how their systems of livestock exchange articulate with the new system of commodity exchange. This study describes analyzes livestock exchanges of the Turkana of northwestern Kenya, differentiates their exchanges from monetary exchanges. The points discussed are: (1) in most livestock exchanges among the Turkana, an individual asks only in need takes an animal from the partner with whom he is on good terms, his“debt”is cleared much later; (2) although a kind of livestock exchange rate is recognized, heated delicate negotiations finally determine“debt”payment, each agreement is local, transitory, non-universal; (3) epistemulogical examination of Turkana verbs for livestock exchanges reveals specific definite motivations behind the exchanges; (4) each animal is individually identified, its singularity supports the uniqueness of each social transaction in which the animal is transferred.

抄録全体を表示

I studied the distribution of villages the interactions between people forests in a lowland plains of Sumatra. I classified the villages there into four types. Pangkalan villages (river ports at the foot of hills) are located in flood zones. Muara villages (river ports at confluence points) are usually found in central zones. Migrant villages fishing villages are settled in tidal zones. Different types of villages are found in different habitats, but they are connected by a network. The connections between pangkalan villages muara villages are especially strong. In the central zone, the lands suitable for agriculture are limited to small areas covered by mixed peat swamp forests, the other areas can be used only as forests. As a result, people in the central zone (villagers of muara villages) have the closest relationships with forests. In this paper I describe the agricultural, fishing, hunting practices, the dietary taboos, the logging methods, the plant usage that I observed in the muara villages of Riau, in the Kampar region. I conclude that the most important reason to conserve peat swamp forests is to secure the survival of the people who among them, (especially those who lack capital). I also point out that the network connecting the different kinds of villages plays important roles in enabling villagers to adapt quickly to changes in the environment to avoid overexploitation. Taboos in diets are considered to contribute greatly to the villagers’ sense of belonging to the network at the level of everyday life. Since the recent political crisis in Indonesia, the government’s protection of the forests has been unreliable. The reason why forests still remain is that the Malays, an influential group, have prevented newcomers from devastating their lives, which are founded on close interaction with the forest.

抄録全体を表示

In a 3D TV program, since a change processing of an image is performed in real time, it is difficult to check depth perception in advance. From such a background, we made the trial 3D TV program where various visual effects were used analyzed subject's vergence while viewing them.

抄録全体を表示

A key issue in Peer-to-Peer (P2P) streaming systems is that several participant peers tend to leave within a short time period. For example, such a phenomenon is common at the half time of football games at the end of the performance of famous artists. Such selfish behavior of the participants causes several problems in P2P networks such as the disconnection of the overlay, the departure of backup peers the occurrence of cyclic reference to backup peers. In this paper, we propose several techniques for tree-structured P2P streaming systems to enhance their resilience to the simultaneous departure of some participants. As the baseline of the discussion, we will focus on mTreebone which is a typical churn-resilient P2P streaming system based on the notion of peer stability. The performance of the proposed techniques is evaluated by simulation. The simulation result indicates that even under high churn rates, the proposed techniques significantly reduce the number of attempts needed to connect to backup peers the recovery time after a fail.

抄録全体を表示

In Saul Bellow's Dangling Man, the protagonist Joseph is dangling between work military duty, unable to sustain his impossible ideals. Joseph undergoes narcissistic injury, narcissistic rage, paranoid schizoid collapse. Joseph suffers from a series of narcissistic injuries. The Servatius party shatters his faith in a protective community of friends, he ceases to be satisfied with his own self. At many points in the novel Joseph feels that his identity is being denied. He also holds a grudge against many people gives vent to his rage throughout the novel. He battles with all those with whom he comes in contact.
Because of his narcissistic injury, Joseph experiences paranoid schizoid collapse. A person suffering from paranoid schizoid collapse is characterized by splitting, projective identification, idealization, omnipotence. A man who falls, Etta, , Mr. Vanaker are Joseph's projective identifications. Delusion accompanies paranoid schizoid collapse. Finally Joseph submits to compulsory civility the book ends on his final cry of self-abnegation. In the novel, Bellow describes the protagonist's inner life presents the darkness of the human mind clearly. Dangling Man describes the death of an old self rebirth of a new self.

抄録全体を表示

Effect of an N-succinyl-L-trialanine p-nitroanilide-hydrolyzing protease (-protease) purified from Pronase on glucose metabolism was investigated by an intravenous injection into fasted mice. The maximum decrease in blood sugar level by -protease was observed 2 h after the injection of a dose of .0 mg/kg. The hypoglycemic activity was observed with other microbial proteases, such as Pronase E subtilisin BPN', whereas no activity was found with the modified enzymes which almost wholly lost their proteolytic activities by the treatment with diisopropyl fluorophosphate or guanidine HCl. The increase in blood sugar level by epinephrine the conversion of [1-¹⁴C] pyruvate into blood glucose were distinctly suppressed with -protease as well as -methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (MICA), an inhibitor of gluconeogenesis. A slight increase in glycogen content in diaphragm of mice was observed during 2-4 h after the injection of -protease, though it was markedly increased by insulin. In test of glucose tolerance, the increase in blood sugar was distinctly suppressed by insulin but not by -protease. Blood lactate level was not subjected to change by -protease, in contrast to MICA. Serum insulin level was not affected by -protease. Therefore, -protease may affect the in vivo metabolism of glucose in a different way from the in vitro action which has been reported to react with cell surface consequently to mimic the actions of insulin.

抄録全体を表示

The quantitative analysis of sterols in the silkworm was carried out by means of gas chromatographic technique . The amount of sterol in whole body was 0.59mg. sterol percentage of weight was 0.066%, as an average, showing that sterol percentage in unfeeding silkworm was larger than that in feeding larva. Furthermore sterol percentage (0.024%) of blood in the silkworm was lower than that in mammals. The amount of cholesterol calculated from total sterol in the whole body was larger than threshold amount of brain hormone cholesterol in the silkworm for the induction of imaginal development On the other hand, the critical period of the brain hormone for the development was coincided with time of sudden increase of blood sterol.

抄録全体を表示