Static characteristics of two different structured InAlGaAs/InAlAs superlattice avalanche photodiodes (SLAPDs) cooled by liquid nitrogen were evaluated at a wavelength of 1. μm. The dark current of the SLAPD having a thick superlattice layer of 0.504 μm was ×10^-13 A. This was successively reduced by four orders of magnitude compared to that of the thin layer SLAPD of 0.231 μm at a breakdown voltage of around 20 V. The thickened layer was effective in suppressing tunneling dark current. An output current of 1.7×10^-12 A at a bias voltage of 15 V was measured for an optical input with a wavelength of 1. μm and a signal power of 1×10^-12 W. This showed a sharp distinction from the dark current.

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L'entree en Iran des armees britannique et sovietique s'est produite en aout 1941. Elle ebranla du coup le regime de la dynastie pahlavi qui etait au pouvoir depuis 16 ans, et mena le pays vers l'instabilite politique et le chaos social. La defaite de l'arme gouvernementale, qui etait le pivot du regime de Reza Shah, reduisit considerablement le controle du gouvernement central dans le pays. Cette situation politico-sociale confuse permit le developpement de differents mouvements politiques en Iran. ainsi que le 16 aout 1942 le parti clandestin Komeley Jiyanewey Kurdistan (J-K) est ne a Mehabad, une ville au nord-ouest de l' Iran. Des sa formation, ce parti a su etendre sa sphere d'activite et, en une courte periode de temps, a fini par mettre sous son influence la ville et ses alentours. A la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en ete 1945, le J-K etait devenu une organisation representant le mouvement nationaliste kurde en Iran. a ce moment-la qu'un autre parti politique, le Hizbi Dimokratiki Kurdistan (HDK), fonde par Qazi Mihemed a Mehabad aussi, devait remplacer le J-K. Des le janvier 1946, le HDK proclama l'instauration de la≪Republique de Kurdistan≫. Cependant, les troupes sovietiques qui avaient pris sous leur protection la Republique evacuerent les terres iraniennes, en mai 1946. Six mois plus tard, sous la pression militaire du gouvernement central iranien, la republique s'ecroula. Deux theories tentent d'expliquer le passage du J-K au HDK. William Eagleton Jr., par exemple, affirme dans The Kurdish Republic of 1946 que le HDK a ete cree sur le conseil des autorites sovietiques. L'ex-secretaire general du Parti Democratique du Kurdistan d'Iran, 'Ebd el-Rehman Qasimlu maintient par contre que Qazi Mihemed a etabli le nouveau parti de sa propre initiative, eu regard a la situation politique de cette epoque-la. Il considere que la passage du J-K au HDK comme etant l'evolution d'un parti nationaliste clandestin en un parti democratique. En analysant ces deux theories et en se basant sur les autobiographies des personages qui se sont engages dans cet evenement, cette etude tentera d'examiner le principe directeur et les activites du J-K et de mieux comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles le J-K devait etre remplace par le HDK. La conclusion generale portera sur les differents objectifs politiques du J-K et du HDK. Le J-K visait l'elevation du niveau culturel du peuple tout en luttant contre le tribalisme, qui etait, selon lui, le probleme majeur de≪la nation kurde≫, et cela en ecartant toute idee de revolte militaire. Le J-K a aussi exclu de son cadre les elites sociales telles que les leaders des tribus et dirigeants religieux de peur qu'ils n'excercent une influence sur les membres du parti. L'automne de 1944 fut le debut d'une nouvelle ere pour le mouvement kurde. Alors que l'espoir de l'autodetermination augmentait parmi le peuple a mesure que s'approchait la fin de la guerre, la necessite de la force militaire a commence a se faire sentir dans le J-K. pour cela que s'est produite au sein du parti une tendance a compter sur l'aide militaire des sovietiques et a recourir au leadership de Qazi Mihemed, qui avait une certaine influence meme sur les leaders tribaux. Mais cette tendance etait essentiellement incompatible avec la ligne fondamentale du J-K et, graduellement, a prive ce parti de sa raison d'etre. Ainsi, le HDK se substitua au J-K en tant que≪parti democratique≫visant a rallier d'abord les elites sociales sous sa banniere, en s'appuyant sur l'autorite personnelle de Qazi Mihemed.

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1. The chromosome numbers of 64 species have been studied on which 56 are investigated for the first time.
2. Morphological, anatomical and cytological findings on the Musaceae in the broad sense are considered from a phylogenetical standpoint and three distinct groups:
a) Musa-Ensete, b) Ravenala-Strelitzia-Phenakospermum and ) Holiconia are recognised as suggested by some authors. For these groups sub-familial status is proposed.
. Lowiaceae have been studied for the first time cytologically and their chromosome morphology, distinct from that of any other group of Zingiberales, confirms their claim to familial status.
4. Consideration of the conflicting theories proposed to account for the higher chromosome number in genera like Globba, Alpinia, and Phaemeria, etc. leads to rejection of Chakravorti's hypothesis of wholesale fragmentation of chromosomes and the acceptance of the opposed view of Raghavan and Venkatasubban and others.
. Holttum's transference of the genus Zingiber to the tribe Hedychieae has been given cytological support on the following points:
a) the basic number in the genus Zingiber correlates with that of Kaempferia.
b) the new tribe Alpinieae (which is infact Zingibereae without Zingiber) have consistently 48 chromosomes in their somatic complements.
6. It is suggested that the African representatives of Kaempferia should be given the status of genus; Cienkowskya on the following points:
a) the difference in floral morphology
b) geographical separateness and
) the difference in the number and morphology of the chromosomes. By comparing the present and past findings, various lines of evolution of the chromosome complements within each group are discussed.
7. The basic number 11 is considered to be probably the original one for the Zingiberales as a whole, being present in Ravenala which is the most primitive member in the order. From this secondary basic numbers have arisen through evolution.

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Background

The differences in conditions of enteric-coated acid-labile drug release and absorption between healthy subjects in bioequivalence studies and gastrointestinal patients in clinical practice can lead to significant differences in gastric stability of original PPIs and generics. Thus, pathologic duodenogastric reflux (PDGR) and the pH increasing within PPIs administration still remain unaccounted for.

Methods

Two-stage modified comparative dissolution testing of original omeprazole (OO) and four generics (G1;2;

;4) was performed. At first, we moved drugs from solution with pH 1.2 (1.2±0.05) to pH 7.0 (7.0±0.05) and measure concentration of omeprazole in solution by high-performance liquid chromatography. According to our self-developed formula, pH 7 exposure time of resistance to PDGR for omeprazole is 4 minutes, i.. the active substance should not be released within 4 minutes at pH 7. The exposure at the second stage was conducted with pH 4 (4.0±0.05), that imitated gastric pH after PPI administration. And then we also moved drugs to pH 7 with the subsequent measurement of omeprazole concentration.

Results

Omeprazole concentrations after 4, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60 minutes in pH 7 solution at the first stage were different for OO and generics. For OO, these values were 4,7±0,7%; 41,4±

,0%; 62,±4,0%; 79,±2,%; 83,±2,%; ,6±2,%; 80,6±4,4%; for Generic1 - 0; 49,±,%; 88, ±2,%; 90,4±,7%; 88, 2±2,2%; 87,±2,0%; 85,±1,1%; for Generic2 - 0; 30,6±6,%; 66,7±,2%; 76,4±7,4%; ,±,%; 86,0±,7%; ,6±,%: for Generic - 80,±,6%; 83,±1,%; 83, ±,2%; 83,±2,7%; ,±2,1%; ,1±2,0%; ,0±2,4%; for Generic4 - ,±1,7%; ,4±0,%; ,2±1,2%; , ±0,%; ,±0,%; ,±0,%; ,±1,1%, respectively.

An analysis of the omeprazole concentration in pH 7 solution at the second stage revealed the following parameters after the same time: for OO - 4,4±0,6%; 40,

±,0%; 62,±2,0%; 80,0±,1%; 85,4±2,%; ,±,4%; 80,±,%; for Generic1 - 0; 67,0±7,%; 89,7±2,%; , ±4,%; 89,1±1,6%; 88,±1,4%; 87,±1,2%; for Generic2 - 0; 42,2±,6%; 75,1±7,%; ,0±6,0%; 88,4±,2%; 88, 6±1,%; 87,±1,0%; for Generic4 - 85,±0,%; 85,6±0,%; ,7±0,%; ,7±,0%; ,4±0,%; ,4±0,%; ,±0,4%, respectively. Generic release and degradation were completely realized at pH 4.

Conclusion

Decreased gastric stability of Generic

and Generic4 makes PDGR and inhibited gastric acid secretion due to PPIs administration the potential causes of decreased enteric-coated acid-labile drugs stability.

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A biosynthetic pathway for (

)-methyl cinnamate formation was evaluated in Tricholoma matsutake by tracer experiments using

13C

- and ²H-labeled precursors. One hundred percent selective

13C

incorporation was observed when L-[1,2,

3

,4,

5

,6,7,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

, ^15/N]phenylalanine was converted to (

E

)-[1,2,

3

,4,

5

,6,7,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

]cinnamate and (

E

)-[1,2,

3

,4,

5

,6,7,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

]methyl cinnamate. Similarly, 100% selective

13C

incorporation was observed when (

E

)-[1,2,

3

,4,

5

,6,7,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

]cinnamate was converted to (

E

)-[1,2,

3

,4,

5

,6,7,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

]methyl cinnamate. In contrast, the ²H incorporation selectivities were

82

.1% and

81

.4% when L-[2,

3

,4,

5

,6,7,7,

8

-

2H₈

]phenylalanine was converted to (

E

)-[2,

3

,4,

5

,6,7,

8

-²H₇]cinnamate and (

E

)-[2,

3

,4,

5

,6,7,

8

-²H₇]methyl cinnamate, respectively. Thus, T. matsutake synthesizes (

E

)-methyl cinnamate from L-phenylalanine via (

E

)-cinnamate. (

E

)-cinnamate was likely formed through two pathways: one was major and the other was a minor.

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In this paper, bus signal priority (BSP) with different near side bus stop position in reference to the average queue during red time of the selected intersection and bus detection after bus departure from stop was modeled. Three alternative positions such as bus stop within normal queue, at the end of normal queue and beyond the distance of normal queue were evaluated for traffic flow ratios of 0.7, 0. and 1.1 by simulation method. Two objective functions i.. decrease in delay for priority movement and increase in delay for non-priority movements were considered. Since there are two objective functions, Pareto-optimal situation arises. The optimal case was selected based on the shortest normalized distance to Pareto optimal sets. Bus stop at the end of normal queue outperforms reducing total person delay in priority direction with least increase in total person delay on non-priority direction.

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Using the Theil population-weighted method for per capita GDP and the variance in a shift-share analysis on labor productivity, we conduct a comprehensive interregional income inequality decomposition analysis on Indonesia before and after the 1998 economic crisis.
Interregional income inequality is largely determined by the interregional inequality in the productivity differential component due to the region's specific sector-by-sector productivity differentials—the result of investments accumulated in technology, public infrastructure and human capital. Although the interregional inequality in the productivity differentials show a declining trend throughout the period under observation, they should have decreased further, considering the active implementation of policies aimed at balanced regional development. However, the results are still far below the target levels because of the effects of economic agglomeration. An examination of non-productivity factors shows that the interregional inequality in the employment rate has become the dominant factor after the crisis, whereas the active population rate was dominant before. The widening of the interregional employment gap is a new concern for Indonesia. The relative decrease in urban employment rates in 2003-2006 and the predominance of inequality in higher educational attainments within the urban sector reported by Akita and Miyata[]suggest a growing deterioration in the labor market efficiency in urban regions.

JEL Classification: D63, O40, R11, R58

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The association between apolipoprotein (Apo-) polymorphism and the response of plasma cholesterol to dietary therapy (cholesterol intake of less than 300mg/day) was investigated for about weeks in 208 nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia patients (/ 161, 4/ 47). The baseline lipoprotein concentration and the intake of energy and lipids were not significantly different between subjects with / and those with 4/ phenotypes. After the dietary therapy plasma total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly decreased in both phenotype groups (p<0.05). The patients with 4/ had significantly smaller reductions of LDL- than the patients with /. The changes of LDL- showed a significant difference between the patients with / and 4/ by the Kruskal Wallis test (p=0.041). The presence of 4/ predicted the degree of cholesterol reduction following dietary therapy.

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The travel behavior is a result of complex decision making process affected by individual's socioeconomic, mode and trip characteristic as well as unobserved variables. The focus of this research was to identify the unobserved factors influencing travel behavior. Six latent variables named as travel factors were identified through factor analysis. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to identify casual relationship between observed variables and travel factors. It was noted that SEM cannot predict the travel demand but it has ability to express relationships between unobserved and observed variables. Then, travel factors were employed in discrete choice model to consider individual preferences on unobserved variables. It was found that the model with travel factors perform superior than model without travel factors. Conclusively, the further application of these factors in its different forms can effectively measure their effect in the travel demand model.

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The relationship between the peripheral concentrations of estradiol-17β () and the preovulatory characteristics of cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) during superovulation treatment was investigated in Japanese Black cows. A superovulation regimen with FSH treatment in a descending manner was commenced on day 7 (n=) or day 10 (n=2) of the estrous cycle (day 0=estrus). Peripheral blood was collected to measure concentrations twice a day throughout the treatment. Ovariectomies were performed at 100 h after the initial FSH treatment in five cows. Every follicle more than mm in diameter was isolated from the ovaries, and cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were gently aspirated. The COCs were then separated into three groups based on the characteristics of the cumulus (compact, expanded and denuded) and subgrouped based on the stage of the nucleus in the oocytes (GV, GVBD). Plasma concentrations tended to increase gradually and reached the peak level at around h (-: n=) or h (-: n=2) after the initial FSH treatment. The ratio of COCs with expanded cumulus was significantly higher in - than in - (P<0.01). However, there was no difference in the ratio of oocytes showing GVBD between - and - (P=0.73), and the characteristics of the cumulus did not affect the stage of the nucleus in the oocytes in either groups (compact, expanded and nude; P=0.61, 0. and 1.00). It was possible that the time until the peak plasma concentrations after the FSH treatment could become an indicator for the maturation of follicles and oocytes in preovulatory follicles during superovulation treatment in Japanese Black cows.

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