1, an ets-oncogene family transcription factor, has been shown to upregulate transcription from matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes, which confers the invasive phenotype on cancer cells. On the other hand, we have demonstrated by luciferase assay that 1 positively regulates transcription from the p21^waf1/cip1 promoter. Ca. cells were transfected with a metallothionein-inducible 1 expression vector (Ca.MTF) to investigate the relationship between invasive ability and cell cycle modulation caused by 1. MMP- and p21^waf1/cip1 protein were synergistically increased in the stimulated CA.MTF cells, and both proteins were identified in the same cells when 1 was induced. These results imply that invasive growth of tumor cells occurs in the static state of the cell cycle and that 1 plays a key role in this phenomenon.

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A new analytical method is proposed for determining the inextensible grid reinforcement pullout resistance and pullout force/pullout displacement curve by using basic backfill soil and grid reinforcement properties. The pullout skin friction resistance/pullout displacement relationship is simulated by linear elastic-perfectly plastic model. A hyperbolic model has been proposed to represent the pullout bearing resistance/pullout displacement relationship in which the maximum bearing resistance of a single bearing member is determined using a new bearing capacity equation proposed in this paper. The influences of the grid bearing member spacing ratio, S/, the bearing member deflection rigidity, and the pullout softening behavior on the mobilization of pullout bearing resistance are explicitly included in the proposed model. Good agreement has been obtained between calculated values and laboratory test results.

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The present paper aims at developing a simplified model for a stress-strain relationship at small strains up to an initial yielding of homogeneous saturated frozen sand. The modelling of elastic moduli for an ice-sand mixture as a composite geomaterial is first introduced based on previous studies, where a saturated frozen sand is treated as the icesand mixture. The applicability of modelling the elastic moduli under constant temperature is then discussed from the theoretical and experimental points of view. In addition, the hyperbolic stress-strain modelling of saturated frozen sand at small strain is presented. The effect of the volume fraction of sand, stiffness of sand inclusion and temperature changes on the elastic moduli and the stress-strain behaviour up to about 1-% axial strain, which is defined as an upper yield stress, are investigated through the model, whose applicability is verified in comparison with the experimental data.

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Background: Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast (LASEC) is associated with the recurrence of atrial fibrillation () after cardiovertion in previous some studies. But it was not examinated that SEC have a influence on the recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation. We investigated the relation of SEC and the recurrence of after procedure. Method: 229 patients with non-valvular who were underwant catheter ablation for were enrolled and performed trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE) and trans-esophageal echocardiography (TEE) before procedure. SEC was diagnosed by TEE as the presence of smoke-like echogenic materials which swirled in the cavities. And other -echocardiography parameter was measured. Result: Patients with LASEC had a non-significant higher incidence of recurrence after ablation (25. vs. 20.1%, P=0.45). But Ablation time was longer in patients with SEC than in patients without SEC (±34 vs. ±59 P<0.001). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of patients with SEC was mildly decreased than in patients without SEC (55.±.8 vs. 56.4±3.7, P=0.003). / ration, the marker of diastolic function of left ventricle was larger in patients with SEC than in patients without SEC (10.8±. vs. 8.7±., P=0.004). Conclusion: LASEC was not associated the recurrence of after catheter ablation.

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This paper outlines a mathematical description of the stress dilatancy behaviour of granular materials which accounts for stress level and void ratio dependencies. The consideration of these aspects has important implications in the modelling of granular material behaviour. In fact, granular material mechanical response is largely dominated by the evolution of dilatancy, fabric and void ratio histories. The starting point in this study is the well established Rowe's theory which is revisited and ultimately modified by introducing a factor linked to governing state parameters in order to describe the complete behaviour of granular materials during deformation. Numerical simulations of triaxial tests on granular materials at different void ratios and stress levels are herein presented to illustrate the model.

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The main objective of this paper is to compare safety factors obtained from Morgenstern-Price, Janbu and Spencer methods with the factors calculated from the modified variational approach (Leshchinsky and Huang, 1992a). Such comparison is essential since there is no mathematical proof that the variational analysis indeed yields a minimum and thus, physically produce significant results. The safety factors compared well, indicating the variational analysis is on a par with acceptable existing rigorous methods. Availability of a user-friendly computer code may make the variational analysis useful to practicing engineers. However, its greatest potential at the moment is in 3- applications; i.., unlike other methods, its extension to 3- is straightforward.

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Backgrounds: It has been reported that somatic mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is related with aging, or development of cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that mtDNA4977 deletion mutation (4977-) detected from human blood contributes to atrial dysfunction in patients with . Methods: We studied for mtDNA4977- in 183 patients with non-valvular , (127 PAF, 56 PeAF) and 69 patients with healthy control. The detection of mtDNA4977- was determined by Gene Scan. Results: 1. The mtDNA4977- in patients were older than those without mutation (61.4±. vs. 51.8±., p<0.0001). . Frequency of mtDNA4977- mutation in patients with ≤45 years old was not different to age matched control (7.3% vs. 11.%, p=0.2371). 3. The mtDNA4977- had higher /, (11.3±4.8 vs. .1±3.1, p=0.0005), plasma levels of TIMP-1 (1.51±0.77 vs. 1.28±0.57 ng/mL, p=0.0210) and ANP (3.11±.67 vs. 1.±.01 nmole/L, p=0.0010), and were more frequently taking statin (27.% vs. .4%, p=0.0055) than those without mutation. 4. 82.3% with mtDNA4977- and 85.% without mtDNA4977- remain in sinus rhythm 12.7±. months after RFCA (p=0.3008). Conclusion: mtDNA4977- was related with aging, diastolic dysfunction, serologic markers related with atrial remodeling or pressure overloading. Its frequency was not different to age matched patients with control, and did not affect the clinical outcome after RFCA.

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A procedure for limit equilibrium slope analysis based on a realistic consideration of the mobilized interslice shear forces is presented in this paper. This new approach ensures that solutions are kinematically admissible and the possibility of convergence problems, often associated with numerical solutions, is minimized. The proposed approach recognizes the importance of slip surface geometry in estimating interslice shear forces whether vertical or non-vertical slices are used in a limit equilibrium analysis. Illustrative examples are presented and the results shown to be reasonable. The calculated factors of safety based on the new method compare very well with values based on recognized methods of analysis. Yet the method is more direct and enables a proper visualization of the transfer of mobilized normal and shear forces through a sloping soil mass above a potential slip surface. The method also gives consistent results with non-vertical slices even if the shape of non-vertical slices is varied.

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The advantages and disadvantages of using a back analysis of slope failures to evaluate soil shear strength are discussed. A methodology is presented herein that allows the implied level of reliability associated with soil shear strength parameters back calculated from slope failures to be estimated. A reliability approach is also used to estimate the probability of failure for a given limit equilibrium slope stability method, design factor of safety, and combination of back calculated Mohr-Coulomb shear strength parameters, c' and φ'. The methodology is illustrated using 39 landslides in the Orinda Formation in the San Francisco Bay area. The impact of additional case histories in the same geologic setting, i.., a larger data set, on the required design factor of safety for a given probability of failure is also investigated.

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This paper presents the results of 24 centrifuge model tests of nailed soil slopes and vertical walls, constructed out of dry Leighton buzzard sand. The walls were initially supported by fluid pressure from flexible rubber bags against the face, and excavation was modelled by gradually draining the fluid from the bags. The finished model walls were 200 mm high and were initially tested at 30 g acceleration to correspond to a prototype structure .0 m high. If failure was not obtained, the acceleration was increased progressively to a maximum of 80 g. No surcharges were applied. The main parameters varied in the tests were the wall slope, nail length, nail surface roughness, nail inclination, facing stiffness and facing roughness. Observations were made of the mechanism of failure when it occurred, of soil pressures on the facing, and of pre-failure deformations. Failure was always by pull-out rather than breakage of the nails, and a series of pull-out tests of the model nails was conducted to aid interpretation of the results. Failure surfaces were seen to have the shape of logarithmic spirals, and limit equilibrium analyses based on these surfaces agreed well with experimental observations. Prior to failure, earth pressures on the facing compared reasonably well with those calculated by Coulomb's method, except at the base of the wall. One test set out to model a full-scale trial wall, and although the construction process could not be exactly modelled in the small-scale centrifuge tests, comparisons were sufficiently good to give confidence in the model test results.

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This paper deals with the overall stability of an embankment foundation failure that lies at km 40+700 of the new Irbid-Amman Highway in Jordan. Slope stability back analysis was carried out for the slope to assess the conditions at time of failure, and estimate most representative shear strength parameters of foundation materials. Slope stability analysis was also carried out for proposed remedies. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis was carried out for the landslide site. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) value of 0. g was estimated for design. This corresponds to a 90% probability of non-exceedence in a 50 year design life of the highway. Pseudo-static slope stability analysis was also carried out. The study concluded that the landslide movement occurred within the foundation colluvium material. It resulted primarily from the excessive load of the embankment and excess piezometric pressures generated within the slope. The most feasible remedial measure to stabilize the landslide area was removal of existing failed embankment down to the top of sandstone layer, and reconstruction (using imported free-drainage rockfill) of a split level embankment together with the construction of surface and subsurface drainage system. These measures were successfully implemented in the field.

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To remove some weak points of the limit equilibrium slope stability method, the authors have tried so far to develop a hybrid slope stability analysis method, in which stress and strain developed in a slope are determined by the finite element method, while the basic concept of the limit equilibrium method is adopted in the overall stability analysis. In this paper, first, the theory behind the hybrid slope stability analysis method is presented, together with the comparison of the proposed hybrid method and the conventional Bishop's method. Then, reinforcement mechanism and stability characteristics of the reinforced slope cutting are examined through numerical examples by the proposed method. Finally, practical application of the proposed method to an in-situ reinforcement slope stabilization project is presented. In consequence, the applicability and simplicity of the proposed method to the practical design works of reinforcement slope stabilization are demonstrated in success.

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Six sorts of aluminium-silicon JIS commercial cast alloys, i.. AC, ACBT, AC3, AC4, AC4AT and AC4, were examined on drill-machinabilities in regard of drilling resistance, accuracy of drilled holes, deposits on the drill face, chip treatment and others. The results obtained were summarized as follows:
(1) In the case of F-materials (as-cast), the drilling resistance and time were smaller in copper-containing materials, i.. and 4, and were larger in 4, especially 3. And the drilling resistance and time of T-materials (heat-treated) were larger than those of F-materials.
() The drilling temperature was lower in 4AT than in the other materials, but the temperatures were about 100∼120°C as a whole and posed no serious problem.
(3) In the case of F-materials, the accuracies of drilled holes, i.. enlargement of the hole diameter, roundness of the hole figure and surface roughness of the drilled hole in 4 and 3 were inferior to those in and 4, and the roundness of the hole figure and the surface roughness of holes in T-materials were better than those in F-materials.
(4) In the case of F-materials, the deposits, such as a cohesive large built-up edge, which deteriorate the accuracy of a drilled hole, were observed on the drill face. This phenomenon was more remarkable in 4, especially 3 than in and 4. And the deposits in T-materials were less cohesive and smaller than those in F-materials.
() There were no difficulties in chip formation regardless of the chip treatment.

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Backgrounds: We evaluated that electrophysiological characteristics and clinical outcomes of atrial fibrillation () with sinus node dysfunction (SND) after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA). Methods: Among 428 patients (male, 77.3%; 56.0±11.0 years old; paroxysmal , 69.4%) who underwent RFCA for , 50 patients (11.7%) who had ECG documented symptomatic SND (28 Tachybrady (T-Bs) and sick sinus syndrome; SSS) were compared with 378 patients without SND. Results: 1. The patients with SND were older (60.3±61617; .7 vs. 55.4±61617; 11.1 years, p=0.003) and had higher /′ (12.4±61617; .1 vs. .±61617; 4.1, p=0.002) than those without SND. . Effective refractory period (ERP) at high right atrium (RA) was longer (ERP; 244.1±61617; 26.1 vs. 232.±61617; 28. ms, p=0.033) and endocardial voltage at posterior left atrium (LA) was higher (1.±61617; 0.8 vs. 0.±61617; 0.8 mV, p=0.041) in patients with SND than those without it. 3. The recurrence rate was not different significantly between groups (28.0% vs. 20.0%, p=0.623) during 12.7±. months. A patient with SSS (4.%) and a patient with T-Bs (3.%) were implanted pacemaker because of recurrent symptomatic bradycardia after RFCA. Conclusion: is associated with SND more often in patients with old age, diastolic dysfunction, and high RA ERP. RFCA results in comparable clinical outcome in those patients, but 4% of them required pacemaker implantation due to recurrence and symptomatic bradycardia.

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