The advantages and disadvantages of using a back analysis of slope failures to evaluate soil shear strength are discussed. A methodology is presented herein that allows the implied level of reliability associated with soil shear strength parameters back calculated from slope failures to be estimated. A reliability approach is also used to estimate the probability of failure for a given limit equilibrium slope stability method, design factor of safety, and combination of back calculated Mohr-Coulomb shear strength parameters, c' and φ'. The methodology is illustrated using 39 landslides in the Orinda Formation in the San Francisco Bay area. The impact of additional case histories in the same geologic setting, i.., a larger data set, on the required design factor of safety for a given probability of failure is also investigated.

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Two new partially saturated tricyclic ring systems, , a, , , , 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenz [, ] oxepins (3a and 3), and -thiepins (4a and 4) were synthesized. Compounds 4a and 4 were desulfurized to give a pair of isomeric 2-methylbenzoylcyclohexanes (10a and 10). Deuterated 4a and 4 (11a and 11) were prepared starting from butadiene- (12). The stereochemical features of 3a (trans), 3 (cis), 4a (trans) and 4 (cis) are compared with those of 10a, 10, 11a and 11 on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance data.

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11-Amino-, a, , , , 10, 10a, 11-octahydrodibebenzo[, ]thiepines (a-d) and -oxepines (a-d) were synthesized by the Leuckart reaction of , a, , , , 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenzo[, ]thiepines (1a, )and -oxepines (2a, ) followed by hydrolysis of the reaction products 4a-d and a-d, respectively. The four diastereomers, cis(a-H, 10a-H)-cis(10a-H, 11-H) a and a, cis(a-H, 10a-H)-trans(10a-H, 11-H) and , trans(a-H, 10a-H)-trans(10a-H, 11a-H)c and c, and trans(a-H, 10a-H)-cis(10a-H, 11-H) d and d, were isolated and their configurations and conformations were elucidated by chemical methods together with ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses.

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a prevalent food-borne pathogen in Taiwan, Japan and other Asian countries. This work presents a novel ribotyping method for the molecular epidemiological examination of this pathogen. Genomic DNA was fragmented by HindIII digestion and hybridized with cDNA probe for Escherichia coli 16S and 23S RNA genes. A total of 121 isolates obtained from outbreaks during 1992 and 1994 in Taiwan were characterized by this ribotyping method. Four to seventeen restricted fragments were visualized in these isolates. After hierarchical cluster analysis, these isolates were grouped into thirty different ribotypes. In addition, A3, A, 3 and 1 were the major ribotypes, consisting of .3, 13.2, .1, and .3% of the isolates, respectively. A, , , G and were the major groups, consisting of 46.2, 14., .1, ., and .% of the isolates, respectively. The discriminatory ability of this ribotyping method, as determined by Simpson's index of diversity, was .93, which closely resembled that of a previously reported pulsed-field gel electrophoresis method.

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Tokamak D-T power reactor with day-long operation is investigated, where plasma current is driven inductively.Thereby the high power multiplication factor (typically Q>1, 000) is attained easily.For day-long operation only with the use of inductive current drive, the large plasma major radius is necessary to provide sufficient magnetic flux in the Ohmic transformer.Parameters of tokamak reactor for day-long operation are typically major radius 12m, minor radius 1.m with elongation ratio1. and triangularity., toroidal mag netic field12.T, and plasma current .MA.Plasma volume is comparable to the current-driven reactors, such as SSTR and ARIES in spite of large major radius, because the aspect ratio is relatively high.

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カンキツ主要12種を用いて染色体のクロモマイシン A₃(CMA) 染色を行った．染色体は CMA(+) バンドの有無および位置から 種類に区分できた．すなわち，CMA(+) を A: 両端および動原体近傍に有する，: 一方の端部と動原体近傍に有する，C: 両端に有する，D: 一方の端部に有する，: CMA(+) がない，: 動原体近傍に有する，Dst: 付随染色体を有する D 型，である．各種はこれらのうち 2～ 種類の染色体を有し，独自の CMA バンドパターンを示した．C. medica では 2 + D + ，C. limon では 1 + 1C + D + ，C. aurantifolia では 2 + D + ，C. aurantium では 1A + 1 + 1C + D + ，C. sinensis では 2+ 2C + D + ，C. maxima では 3A + 3C + 4D + ，C. paradisi では 2A + 3C + D + ，C. ichangensis では 2 + 2C + 12D + 2，C. latipes では 2A + C + D + 3，C. micrantha では 1 + 11D + 4 + 2Dst，C. macroptera では 2 + 1C + 11D + 3 + 1，C. hystrix では 3 + 1C + D + 3 + 2 + 1Dst であった．

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Six new cembranoids sarcophytol P (3), R (4), S (), K (), (11), and T (13) were isolated from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum. Sarcophytol P (3) was shown to be the 20-hydroxy derivative of the major component sarcophytol A (1), and afforded the cyclization product in CHCl_3 at room temperature, in a same way as in 1. Sarcophytols R (4) and S () were correlated to 1, by conversion of its R,R and S,S epoxide derivatives. Sarcophytol K() was a 13, 14-dihydroxycembranoid having a 1,3Z-diene moiety. The absolute configuration of and its 1Z,3- and 1Z,3Z-isomers sarcophytol (2) and J (10) were determined by circular dichroism study of their bis-p-dimethylaminobenzoate derivatives. Sarcophytols (11) and T (13) were 1- and 1,3Z-isomers of 1. Compound 11 showed characteristic broadening of the ^1H-NMR chemical shifts, due to the restricted conformational interconversion. Using the three cembranoids sarcophytols (11, 1,3), N (15, 1Z,3Z) and T (13,1,3Z), spontaneous autoxidation-cyclization, in CHCl_3,was examined, in order to compare the stereochemical course of the reaction with that of 1 (1Z,3), which affords trans-fused bicyclo[.3.]tetradecene systems. The 1,3Z-isomer 13 gave the same cyclization product 18, as in the reaction of 1, even though it is isomeric at C-1,3. The 1Z,3Z isomer 15 gave 19, in consequence of the reversed geometry at C-3 of 15. The 1,3-isomer (11) gave the bicyclic product , having an antipodal fusion as compared with 19. This was confirmed by PCC oxidation of 19 and , giving enantiomeric ketones 23 and 24 respectively. The 1(14)-epoxide 26 was shown to be the immediate precursor of , and acounted for the inversion of the geometry at C-1 of the cyclization product. Compound 26 is isomeric with the epoxide 17 derived from 1. The epoxide 17 is the postulated precursor in the conversion of 13 to 18. It is noteworthy that the mode of antipodal fusion of the cyclopentane rings, in 18 and , was controlled by the chirality of the epoxy rings. The C-14 hydroxyl group participates in the transannular cyclization, but was found not to be the requisite functional group for the reaction. Similar treatment of cembrene C (30), the parent hydrocarbon of 1, also reacted in CHCl_3 giving the bicyclic product 32.

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The modulns of longitudinal elasticity and their temperature dependence in commercial aluminum cast alloys were measured in the temperature range from room temperature (20°C) to 250°C by the resonant frequency method. The results obtained are as follows:
The modulus of longitudinal elasticity tended to decrease weakly and linearly (the tangent of its decrease, m = (-2.4--3.3) × 10²kg/cm²/°C) with the rise of temperature. Within the range of the experiments, aluminum cast alloys were divided into 3 groups, the lst group materials having large moduli of elasticity at room temperature (i. ., = (.15-.25) × 10⁵kg/cm²) were AC2A-T, AC3A-, AC4A-, AC4A-T4, AC4-, AC4-T4, ACA-, ACA-T4, etc., the 2nd group materials having intermediate moduli (i. ., = (.-.98) × 10⁵kg/cm²) were AC4C-, AC4C-T, AC4C-T, AC4D-, AC4D-T, ACA-, etc. and the 3rd group materials showing considerably smaller moduli (i. ., = (.58-.65) × 10⁵kg/cm²) were AC1A-, AC1A-T, AC2A-, etc. However, there were some differences between the moduli in this experiments and the moduli in the other data books, and these were considered due to the difference of the measurement principles and of hypotheses or assumptions involved in these principles, so it is suggested that the moduli of elasticity should be reported with indication of the measuring method.

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Four new sterols, , -epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-(14), -diene-3β, -diol (1), (, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-3β, , , -tetrol (2), (, 24R)-ergosta-, (11), -triene-3β, , -triol (3) and 3β, , -trihydroxy-(, 24R)-ergost--en--one (4), have been isolated from the fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa (FR.) S. . GRAY (Polyporaceae)together with fourteen known ones (-18), of which two ( and ) are reported for the first time from a natural source. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral data.

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in 95 (.2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), bla_CMY-2 (

22

), bla_CTX-M-3 (16), bla_CTX-M-1 (15), bla_OXA-1 (

9

) and bla_SHV-12 (3) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group A₁ (35.

8

%), followed by group D₂ (

22

.1%),

B

1 (15.

8

%), D₁ (

9

.

5

%),

A₀

(

7

.4%),

B2₂

(

5

.3%) and

B2₃

(4.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(

6

’)-Ib-cr, qnrS1 and qnrB10 were detected in 25.3, 10.

5

and 1.1% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.

0

% for tobramycin to 56.

8

% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE,

f17a

-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

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糖尿病患者の妊娠中に悪化する糖尿病性網膜症の増悪因子を検討する目的で, 糖尿病妊婦についてその血小板のimmunoreactive prostaglandin (IRPG と略す) および血漿のimmunoreactive prostaglandin (IRPG と略す) を測定した.
対象は糖尿病妊婦名, 正常妊婦名, 糖尿病非妊婦名, 正常健常女性名であった. 糖尿病妊婦名中, 網膜症を有する者は3名であり, いずれも妊娠中にScott IIに進展した症例であった. 糖尿病妊婦の血小板IRPG (.±4.pg/10₅cell, Mean±SD) は正常健常女性 (3.±1.), 正常妊婦 (3.±1.2) および糖尿病非妊婦 (3.±3.2) のそれと比較して有意に高値を示した. 糖尿病非妊婦の血漿IRPG (3.±.ng/ml) は正常健常女性 (2.1±.) および正常妊婦 (1.±.4) と比較して有意に高値を示した. 糖尿病妊婦の血漿IRPG (.±4.) は正常健常女性および正常妊婦のそれと比較して有意に高値を示した. 糖尿病妊婦の血漿IRPG と糖尿病非妊婦のそれとの比較では, 糖尿病妊婦で高い傾向を認めたが有意差には至らなかった. 今回検討した症例中, 血小板IRPG および血漿IRPG が共に最も高い値を示したのは, 妊娠中に網膜症がScott IIに進展した糖尿病妊婦であった.
以上の成績から, 妊娠時の糖尿病性網膜症の増悪因子として血小板IRPG および血漿IRPG の関与が示唆された.

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To define the roles of α-catenin in cell-cell adhesion, the -cadherin, α-catenin, β-catenin, and/or plakoglobin genes were inactivated in teratocarcinoma cells. An -cadherin-α-catenin fusion protein (Eα) restored full cell-adhesion function and organized the actin-based cytoskeleton and ZO-1, an actin filament binding protein, in cells lacking all endogenous cadherin-catenin complex components. There were two types of cadherin-based cell-adhesion junctions in parental cells, those with ZO-1 and those without ZO-1, and only junctions with ZO-1 were associated with thick actin bundles. Additionally, ZO-1 localized to most Eα-based cell-adhesion junctions. These data demonstrated that Eα supported cadherin-based cell adhesion and recruited actin bundles and ZO-1 to cell-cell contact sites in the absence of cytoplasmic α-catenin. Moreover, the C-terminal half of α-catenin was involved in the formation of cell-adhesion junctions with ZO-1.

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Reactions of nor-diterpenoid dilactones isolated from Podocarpus plants have been investigated. The : ,: 11-dienolide type [C] dilactones, the least available but biologically the most active members, are mainly derived from naturally abundant dilactone components of α-pyrone type [A] and : -epoxy-: 11-enolide type [] for total-synthetic and biological purposes. From nagilactone (), for example, a combined sequence of hydrogenolysis of : -epoxide group and dehydration gives nagilactone (), 3β-hydroxynagilactone () and 2: 3-dehydronagilactone (19), which have been found from natural sources. From nagilactone A (1), photo-hydration and concomitant double bond migration of its acetate results in a lactol (), which is reduced to 1β-hydroxynagilactone (), another natural type [C] dilactone. Derivation of the type [A] or [] from others is not successful. Some attempts for conversion of the ring A functional groups have also been studied.

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