In On the Sense of Touch and the Fourth Grove of the Critical Forests (both written in 1769, but published posthumously), Herder showed the position "sentio, ." This paper aims to make clear what led Herder to this position, in order to consider the possibility of "sentio, " as an alternative of the Cartesian ", ." "Sentio, " in On the Sense of Touch is, on the one hand, said not only in terms of the "Molyneux's problem," but from the view that it is the highest concept of philosophy to sense the impenetrability of materials, by means of which the precritical Kant, Herder's teacher, criticized the mind-body dualism and claimed to give only the temporary answer "where I sense, there I am." Herder criticized this by the counterexample "mental impenetrability" and upgraded the above "temporary" answer to the "highest concept of philosophy." "Sentio, " in the Fourth Grove of the Critical Forests is, on the other hand, the consequence of Herder's formal criticism of Crusius, who criticized ", " be "conscius me cogitare, ." "Being" was for Herder the unresolvable concept which we can only sense.

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The effectiveness of transmitting force by using undulation is well known, but it takes time for the whip to flex and then sequentially transmit force. An example of using undulation is a whip whose tip movement exceeds the speed of sound. The whip-like motion principle requires that the user firmly plant the feet on the ground – a position that may lead to physical damage. Experts note that the load on different parts of the body is lowered by using the entire body appropriately. Using the term “nanba” symbolically to indicate body movement that does not use twisting, undulation, or the firm planting of the feet and that exerts minimal load on the joints, we investigate movement of a bipedal robot based on state transitions that utilize instability. Speed and robustness result when a state (posture) is created instantaneously so that no blockage by the body occurs and transitions from state to state are made in a single step.

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Descartes a trouvé le après avoir expérimenté divers doutes. Parmi eux, le doute le plus important est celui du malin génie, car ce doute conduit directement au . Le but de cette thèse est de présenter l'interprétation du malin génie. Comment le doute du malin génie conduit-il au ? Pour répondre à cette question, je désire faire le point sur le débat concernant le malin génie dans la première et la seconde Méditations. Au début, j'expose le cheminement du doute. Puis, j'examine l'interprétation du malin génie par Pariente. A la fin, expliquant le débat au sujet du malin génie, je soutiens qu'il est l'étape préparatoire qui assure l'existence du «je», c'est-à-dire du , au moyen de la pensée réflexive. Par cet exposé, la certitude de l'existence du de Descartes est confirmée.

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The aim of the present study was to examine enhancement of learning and memory by oral administration of ergothioneine (

), which is a hydrophilic antioxidant highly contained in golden oyster mushrooms and other foods, and systemically absorbed by its specific transporter OCTN1/SLCA4 in daily life, with an aim to clarify its possible role as a neurotropic compound. After oral administration of in normal mice, the novel object test revealed a longer exploration time for the novel object than for the familiar object. Similar result was also confirmed in mice ingested with -free diet. Dietary-derived is present in the body without the administration, but the administration led to modest (3～4 times) increase in its concentration in plasma and hippocampus. Exposure of cultured hippocampal neurons to elevated the expression of the synapse formation marker, synapsin I, and neurotrophin-3 and -5. The elevation of synapsin I was inhibited by tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitor K252a. Thus, oral intake of may enhance object recognition memory, and this could occur at least partially through promotion of neuronal maturation in the hippocampus.

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Food-derived antioxidant ergothioneine (

) is not synthesized in mammals, but ingested from daily diet. After oral administration, is efficiently absorbed in gastrointestinal tract and distributed to the brain parenchyma via transporter SLCA4, implying its fundamental role in the brain. Oral administration of actually enhances learning and memory in mice at least in part through activation of tropomyosin receptor kinases B (TrkB), a receptor for neurotrophins. Therefore, we hypothesized that amount of phosphorylated-TrkB (p-TrkB), the activated form in extracellular vesicles (EVs) in blood may reflect the -induced enhancement of cognitive function, since EVs may contain brain-derived exosomes and might be useful as a liquid biopsy for verifying the effect on brain function even in humans. We first evaluated expression of p-TrkB by western blot in EVs which were isolated from human serum by ultracentrifugation method. There was a significant correlation between blood concentration and expression of p-TrkB in EVs. We also confirmed expression of SNAP25, a neuron-derived protein in the isolated EVs. These results suggest that expression of p-TrkB in EVs in circulation is associated with exposure and might be a possible biomarker useful for assessment of -induced beneficial effect in the human brain.

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CTAの行政上の取り扱い、歴史、投資戦略等をまず簡単に説明する。CTAとは金融先物、オプション、スワップを対象とした取り引きに関する投資のアドバイスやサービスを個人、ファンドに提供する個人、または組織に対する金融行政上の用語で、正式名はCommodity trading advisorである。CTAという用語は投資信託、ETFを含むヘッジファンド、プライベートファンドへの投資アドバイスにも適応される。CTAs は米国連邦政府による規制対象であり Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) への登録と National Futures Association (NFA) のメンバーになることが義務付けられている。また、CTAはヘッジファンドの投資スタイルのひとつ (Global Macro) でもある。

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帯状疱疹に対するRo-8181の有効性, 安全性および有用性を検討するため, ヒト血清アルブミンを対照薬として, 二重盲検比較試験を行つた。皮膚症状の観察項目別の改善率では, 水疱·膿疱において投与開始後5日目でRo-8181群70%, placebo群50%で, 両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。皮膚症状改善度の推移を著明改善以上の症例についてみると, 投与開始後4日目の著明改善率はRo-8181群8%, placebo群0%であり, Fisherの直接計算法で両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。また, 投与開始後5日目の著明改善率はRo-8181群15%, placebo群3%であり, κ² 検定で両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。主治医による有効性の判定ではU検定でRo-8181群が優れている傾向が認められた。主治医による安全性の判定では副作用発現率がRo-8181群83%, placebo群14%であり, U検定で両群間に差(p<0.001)が認められた。主治医による有用性の判定ではU検定で両群間に差は認められなかつた。以上の結果より, 帯状疱疹に対し, Ro-8181は皮疹のうち水疱·膿疱に対して有効であり, 主治医判定でも有効性が認められたが, 安全性については本薬剤の耐薬性が示されたものの副作用の発現率が高かつたため, 有用性は高くないと考えられた。

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"Ko-ko-ro", meaning 'mind', is a complex higher order function of the human brain. The two distinct activities of mind that are best understood are the ability to recognize oneself, i.e., self-awareness, and the ability to read another mind. These two functions form the fundamental basis of humanity, thereby allowing us to conform and live in harmony within a given family, community, or society. The mind is formed under certain conditions within neural systems in the human brain, and potentially in some other primate brains. This activity is built upon the harmonic orchestration of various sub-components of mind formation, e.g., perception, sensing, cognition, learning and memory, emotion, consciousness, thoughts, desire, beliefs, and willingness. The current understanding of the mechanism of mind is limited, but growing evidence suggests that molecular, cellular, genetic, psychological, cognitive, and system neurobiological methods could help to further our knowledge of the mind. In this review, I will overview current understanding of the components of mind, particularly from a molecular neurobiological perspective, with anticipation that mapping the mind anatomically in molecular terms may ultimately be possible in the human brain.

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Ultraviolet (UV) causes skin disorders by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation. Therefore, oral intake of ergothioneine (

), which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, may protect from UV-induced skin damage since is efficiently absorbed from diet via its specific transporter OCTN1/SLCA4 expressed in various tissues including epidermis . In the present study, we investigated the effect of novel strain of Pleurotus sp. (NPS), which highly contains , on UVB-induced skin damage in mice and human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. First, HR-1 hairless mice fed with 2.5% NPS containing diet or control diet were irradiated with UVB for 10 weeks. In the NPS ingested group, concentrations were ~130 µg/g tissue in the epidermis and ~40 µM in the plasma. In the skin, an oxidative marker 8-OHdG measured by ELISA and expression of TNF evaluated by western blotting were significantly lower than those in control group. In undifferentiated HaCaT cells, OCTN1 was detected in both plasma membranes and intracellular compartment. [3H] was taken up in HaCaT cells in a time-dependent manner, and transfection of siRNA targeted to OCTN1 remarkably suppressed the uptake. -containing NPS significantly suppressed intracellular ROS induced by UVB treatment. Taken together, NPS ingestion may lead to a high distribution to the skin, suppressing UVB-induced oxidative stress and inflammation possibly via protective effect exerted by taken up by its specific uptake transporter OCTN1 in keratinocytes.

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The Japan Society for Occupational Health (JSOH) recommends the Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) as reference values for preventing adverse health effects on workers caused by occupational exposure to chemical substances, continuous or intermittent noise, impulsive or impact noise, heat stress, cold stress, whole-body vibration, hand-arm vibration and time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields and ultraviolet and ionizing radiation.

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