In an omnichannel approach, customers can participate in various shopping experiences since online and offline channels are seamlessly connected via modern information and communication technology. An omnichannel shopping experience comprises the buy-online-pickup-in-store (BOPS) service, in which a customer orders a product online and picks it up in a physical store; and the home-delivery. (HD) option, in which the customer examines and purchases a product and then requests for delivery directly to an address of their choice. This study examines how providing BOPS and HD services can increase the profitability of online and offline retailers that offer omnichannel disbursement. In addition to a decentralized supply chain, we examine whether supply chain contracts between the two channels can enhance system performance with model formulation and numerical experiments. We discovered that omnichannel adoption is not always desirable, and revenue-sharing ratios affect the decentralized channel’s performance.

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In a two-echelon supply chain, a manufacturer produces a green product and sells it to two competing retailers—one physical store and one online shop. Herein, we consider two factors affecting the green level of a product: the green level produced by the manufacturer and the green-marketing effort of the two retailers. The government levies a tax or offers a subsidy on the final retail price depending on the green level of the product. Using the Stackelberg game, we investigated the factors of competition between the retailers, financial intervention from the government, and consumer surplus affecting the pricing of a green product and the green-marketing effort-level decisions by the supply chain members. The results indicated that consumer surplus is influenced by green decisions and government subsidies increase the profits of the two types of stores.

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Sustainability concerns are becoming increasingly crucial for the growth of enterprises as environmental impact increases. Sustainable supply chains (SCs) can minimize resource waste, strengthen environmental protection responsibilities, enhance company reputation, and boost demand. This study examines the influence of cost-sharing (CS) and revenue-sharing (RS) contracts on SC profits, considering manufacturers and retailers making sustainable investments. Assuming consumer preference for sustainable products and government-imposed environmental taxes, the findings demonstrate that sustainability effectiveness enhances profits for manufacturers and retailers. Furthermore, CS contracts emerge as a more effective coordination strategy among SC participants compared to RS contracts.

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