A decade of road accidents situation in Thailand is a key evidence to call for an in-depth understanding for alleviating this complex situation. This study carried out to identify the impact of each factors inducing on road accidents in urban area by assessment of road users attitude on risk factors. Analytical hierarchy process was applied to determine unsafe component of road environment and urban factors that significantly contribute to the deterioration of road safety situation. Furthermore, indicators for estimating accident prone area can be also derived in term of mathematical relationships with a visual analysis based on an application of spatial approach. While the specific accident mitigation or safety improvement program can be effortless designed, an inter collaboration among traffic police, health, law, and transport authorities could be gradually initiated in developing a strategy for prevention and sustainable reduction of casualties and deaths on the road.

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Abstract: In Thailand, road traffic accidents cause more than 14,000 deaths annually. Human factors were the major contributor for most traffic accident. In order to prevent such losses, the concise information set for decision-making traffic planners and road safety administrator has to be done. This paper detailed some of the findings of an Injury Surveillance system, coupled with a Geographic Information System based information system for analyzing causes of road traffic accident in Khon Kaen municipality. Four major types of analysis were developed, 1) factors contributing to traffic accident, 2) trend of hazardous intersection, 3) trend of hazardous road section, 4) comparison of traffic accidents on arterial and collector. We included the importance of local conditions and human error, and the multidisciplinary approached for the 5 E strategies (Engineering, Enforcement, Education, Emergency Medical Service, and Empowerment).

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The objective of this research is to determine the travel delay cost for the Songkhla province. Travel delay cost is the cost incurred to travelers due to delays caused by road accidents. Road accidents often cause delays for other traffic because of blockage of the road and restriction of traffic flow to allow follow-up crash investigation. Such delays result in costs as time lost in traffic. There are five parameters used to develop the travel delay cost. These parameters are: travel time loss, traffic flow, level of blockage, occupancy rate, and average wage rate. To determine the travel delay cost for the Songkhla province, the values of the parameters constitute travel delay cost were collected from related governmental departments and existing studies. The travel delay cost breakdown by accident severity for the Songkhla province are: 37,533 Bahts for fatal crashes, 31,242 Bahts for serious crashes, 17,283 Bahts for slight crashes and 11,843 Bahts for Property damage only (PDO).

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Inariyama tunnel of Hanshin expressway Kyoto route (Route 8) is directly connected to the local road. The approach length to the intersection to the local road from the expressway tunnel mouth is only 140m so that the expressway vehicles could not reduce the speed because of the short approach length to the intersection. The sequence design method that is commonly used for the environmental effect in the architectural field is applied for the traffic safety measure in order to reduce the speed of the expressway vehicles. Quantitative analysis was conducted to measure the speed reduction effect by questionnaire method using CG movies and effective sequence design was developed. Moreover, the effect is also confirmed by the driving experiment using the real tunnel, the wall of which was painted in the developed sequence design. The new proposed traffic measure is very effective and no accident was reported so far.

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In Indonesia, reports of vehicle crash always state that 92% accident is mainly caused by human factor while 5% and 3% is caused by vehicle factor and road infrastructure and environmental factor, respectively. Conditions affecting interaction between human and road infrastructure in crash occurrence include: (1) bad weather; (2) substandard geometric design; (3) structural pavement distress; (4) inharmony among road sign, marking, signal and supporting facilities. Directorate General of Highways (DGH) has established systemic and comprehensive approach to monitoring and evaluation system of road infrastructure safety deficiency as feedback to reduce crash risk and as the basis to establish norm-standard-manual-criteria to arrive at safer road condition. Safer road means road which provides security, comfortability, reliability and safety as forgiving road, self explaining road and self regulating road are considered.

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Bangkok is the capital of Thailand. It has a population of around 6.5 million. This study reviews and observes safety of pedestrians at intersection in order to propose improvement measures. Results of data collection and analysis indicate significant safety problems. Some 7 % of pedestrians have faced vehicle conflict while crossing at the study signalized intersection. Analysis of existing signal shows that every pedestrian has had difficulty in crossing a road by trying to find a gap between vehicles. Thus, the study intersection indicates that there is a general need for pedestrian signal to be installed as a required pedestrian safety facility. Simulation result shows pedestrian safety is significantly improved after a pedestrian signal was installed. The study concludes that implementation of pedestrian signal at Bangkok intersections will greatly improve safety of pedestrians.

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One of the problems in road safety in Indonesia is the quality of existing data. There are many agencies or institutions that have a responsibility in collecting and managing road safety data. In fact, there are differences in the published data by different agencies or institutions. The objective of this article is to determine the conversion factors as a way to gather a uniform data among institutions. The analysis results show that the combined conversion factor is as much as 2.56. The rate of fatal accident is 6.69 people per 10,000 motorized vehicles. It means the number of death people is as much as 116 people death per day in 2007.

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Hazardous materials (hazmats) such as gases, chemical or biological materials, and even nuclear substances are being transported every day. They play an important role in our daily lives. However, they also cause a significant risk to human life, the environment, and property when they are released by accident during transport. The objective of this paper is to suggest a standard procedure for safety management of hazmats based on the Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Seven steps are proposed. They are GIS DB building, accident probability analysis, consequence analysis, risk calculation, alternative analysis, impact analysis, and demonstration of ALARP (as low as reasonably practicable). Finally, a case study for Korea focusing on its highway networks is presented

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Collision geocoding is a process of finding exact accident locations from other geographic data such as street address, zip codes, and postmile in traffic collision records. Through this process, the geocoded accident locations can be mapped onto digital maps based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and the results can be used for various purposes like displaying informative collision maps and conducting spatial analyses. Recently, in California, there was an effort to geocode collision data obtained from the Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System (SWITRS) and the overall match rate was 91%. The availability of geocoded collision data will be beneficial to clinicians, researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in the fields of traffic safety and public health. Therefore, in this paper, we will introduce the geocoding method and explore how to apply it to Korean situation by comparing road and address systems of Korea with those of the U.S.

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According to a recent study organized by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), road crashes killed more than 75,000 people in ASEAN in 2003 and it cost more than 2.2 per cent of the regions annual GDP. Because of the high proportion or motorcycle victims in road crashes in many countries of the region it has been agreed that the first program focuses on the development of national action plans aimed at improving the quality and usage of motorcycle helmets. Given its relative stability and growth in recent years, Indonesia has been a rapid increase in the volume of road traffic. The highest growths were occurred in 2003 which are 33% and 29% for total registered vehicles and motorcycles respectively. The aims of this study are to provide information that it is required for assessing the current situation in Indonesia with respect to the motorcycle helmets usage and to provide a benchmark for evaluating helmet usage initiatives in the near future.

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Occupational vehicular accidents involving truck drivers represent a serious threat to both work safety and public health. Indonesian Government Regulation (Peraturan Pemerintah Tentang Kendaraan dan Pengemudi) No. 44 1993 is a primary tool used to regulate safe travel for commercial vehicles. The purpose of this present study is to investigate contributing factors to truck accidents and to identify crash driver characteristics that had been responsible for the accident. A total of 106 crash truck drivers in Gempol Surabaya toll road were interviewed. The results show that the most important factors contributing to truck accidents are the limited level of education of the truck drivers, regulation violation and weak physical driver lead to drowsy driving. Then, higher level of education for the commercial drivers should be required and traffic law enforcement should be seriously applied.

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This article provides an evaluation of the Responsible Riding Program, where this program is being conducted in some roads at Surabaya under the hope that it will reduce the number of motorcycle accident. This program is going on for two months which are September and October 2007. This program then evaluated by comparing the number of accident on eight months before the program with the number of accident during and six months after this program. The reduction of accident on Jalan Raya Darmo as the participating road in this program is also being compared with the one in Jalan Ahmad Yani which in not include in the program. Respondents opinion also being evaluated to see the significance of this program on reducing the number of motorcycle accident. A comprehensive discussion of the existing problems, lessons learned and the possible future implications that can be applied in Indonesia are presented.

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Drivers sometimes leave the roadway unintentionally for various reasons. However, the penalty should not be death or serious injury to the occupants of the car. This practical paper aims to improve the roadside safety situation in Thailand. By highlighting some significant statistical information on roadside crashes on the national highways, the paper intends to further raise the awareness on roadside hazards problem in Thailand to concerned authorities. In addition, the paper describes two cases of roadside crashes, investigated by the Prince of Songkla University Accident Investigation Unit. The cases involved vehicle hitting roadside trees, which is one of the most serious and common roadside crashes in Thailand.

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Considering the contributing factors of road traffic accidents such as human, vehicle, road and environment, the road and environment is one factor that can create the highest level of injuries severity. Totally, 28 percent or about one-third of accident victims were killed by roadside hazard accidents (vehicles hitting fixed objects and turnover/runoff) in Thailand. Therefore, this research attempts to investigate the factors influencing the roadside hazard accidents in Thailand. The logistic regression technique was used to determine the factor influencing the roadside hazard accidents with the use of the accident database from the Department of Highway. The analysis results indicated that nighttime, non-festival periods, divided roads, smaller numbers of traffic lane, straight and curved sections and raining conditions significantly affect the roadside hazard accidents. In addition, the accident investigation was adopted to conduct the detailed investigation of causes of accidents considering evidences from human, vehicle, road and environment. The investigated case was analyzed to find the contributing factors of the roadside hazard accidents

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A traffic mix of motorized and non-motorized transports including trucks, trailers, buses, cars, motorcycles, bicycles, rickshaws and pedestrians seems to be a dominate featuring traffic culture in Vietnam. This traffic mixed situation has been a cause of severe road traffic accidents. This mainly is because of its physical conflicts on road environment, vehicle body sizes, particularly, drivers' behavior towards running speeds and fails to yield right-of-way to vulnerable road users. Most importantly, there are still lacks of inter-ministerial coordination and stakeholder involvement. This paper introduces a traffic safety culture development utilizing 3-E practical approach together with presenting the outcomes of a pilot project in Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi.

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At year 2013 the development of Kertajati Airport at Kabupaten Majalengka, West Java Province will finish and ready to operate. West Java province has great potential in produce export commodities by air cargo as like vegetables, fresh fish, fruits, cutting flowers etc, though till now only 1.29% of that production has export. If the export scenario will reach 10% of production at 2013, so it needs supported by 788 cargo aircraft equal with Boeing 747-400 class (2 aircraft/ day) and 10.910 cargo aircraft equal with Boeing 737-700 (30 aircraft/day). In financial view, this cargo aircraft movement will give revenue to the Kertajati airport management through Pelayanan Jasa Pendaratan, Penempatan dan Penyimpanan Pesawat Udara (PJP4U), which at year 2035 estimation will reach 159,806,132,113 rupiahs. By considerate this air cargo financial analysis, it feasible as soon to build and operate the special cargo airport as export gate for West Java and Indonesia.

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With the maximization of containerships, benefits of the "Hub and Spoke" transportation model, whose essence is the separation between the hub ports and feeder ports, have become more and more obvious. With the purpose of determining the status of ports in container transportation network, the present paper, through using a heuristic method Immune Algorithm on the basis of two-dimensional chromosome encoding, has built an optimal model in minimizing the total cost of the whole network, which led to a regional wide strategic collaboration among seaports by classifying hub ports and spoke ports.

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In this paper, we focus on the international dry bulk freight rates, make qualitative analyses on the composing factors of the dry bulk shipping market, and investigate the features of mutual action of the world dry bulk demand and supply, sum up the features of the present shipping market. Meanwhile, we make a series of quantitative studies on the existence, nature and magnitude of regularity, transportation costs, supply and demand relationship, economy and trade, seasonal factors and the political environmental factors by SEM--structural equation modeling. And the path coefficients of factors are calculated through data analysis, by which we explain the relationship between the major factors; provide a strong basis for the analysis and forecasting the international dry bulk freight rates.

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In this paper, a method integrating Q-learning algorithm and simulation technique is proposed to optimize the operation scheduling in container terminals. Firstly Q-learning algorithms for yard cranes and yard trailers are designed to obtain the optimal scheduling strategy of yard cranes and yard trailers. Then Q-learning is combined with simulation to develop an integrating scheduling model includes all stages of operation process. In this method, simulation model is used to construct the system environment, Q-learning algorithm is used to learn the optimal dispatching rules for equipments, and the optimal scheduling scheme is obtained by the interaction of Q-learning algorithm and simulation environment. Finally, numerical tests are used to illustrate the validity of the proposed method.

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Under deregulation, the competition for air general cargo business between all-cargo airlines and combination airlines is foreseeable. This paper proposes a model structure that analyzes the pricing and service strategies between two kinds of carriers within a competitive framework, and evaluates airline profits based on game theory and a microeconomic theory of airline behavior. The model is applied to a case study, with empirical airline operation cost data, and acquire some results. The results show that combination carriers mostly have significant dominance over the market and might expand their freight aircraft fleets for competition. All-cargo airlines could expand their operation via better service in the markets, especially where combination airlines provide insufficient shipping capability for air cargo service.

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This research intends to carry out study on the strategy of improving the operating performance of container terminal from the software aspect through quantitative simulation model. Shipping strategic alliance is popular in recent years and it is anticipated to base on the improvement strategy on berth to enhance the operating performance of container terminal. This research applies three evaluation indicators (average waiting time, waiting time factor and the author create indicator) to evaluate the operating performance with three different schemes (berth charter, berth exchange and common berth). The research results show that no matter which type of the above evaluation methods is adopted and according to the research on the sample cases of shipping companies the operation performance of the scheme of common berth is most significant.

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In this paper, a new method to measure the passing capacity of coastal waterway channel is proposed considering service level by computer simulation technique. The passing capacity of coastal waterway channel is first defined by the number of standard ship passing the channel at the required seaport service level. Then the conversion coefficient between the standard ship and other ships is given, which will provide theoretical bases for design, planning and extension of seaport channels. Finally, an application is presented to evaluate the proposed method, and the results show that the larger the ship, the more efficient the waterway channel.

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In order to cope with the ever-increasing competitive environment and enhance the overall competitiveness of ports in a region, cooperation between adjacent container ports is emerging. The main purpose of this paper is to explore causal relationships between influence factors, types of port cooperation (i.e. complementary cooperation and coopetition), and port competitiveness. Besides, potentially important items for port cooperation are also identified. The results indicated that both two types of port cooperation would positively influence the competitiveness of adjacent ports in same region. Moreover, competitive intensity in a region would support through both types of cooperation to influence regional competitiveness indirectly. Shipping and terminal operators' strategy would also influence regional competitiveness through both types of cooperation indirectly. Finally, port internal conditions, liners service and pricing strategy are identified as important items for complementary cooperation and that for coopetition are port operational management, liners service, resource integration and pricing strategy.

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The hospitality industry (e.g., hotels, cruises, restaurants, theme parks, and casinos) and the airline industry share some special characteristics in terms of product nature and cost structure. The product is perishable or non-storable, and the supply is generally limited. These industries usually adopt the strategy of market segmentation and have to carefully price and control the inventory of their products so as to maximize the profit. This study modified the dynamic programming (DP) model in the prior researches for market segmentation to take into account the promotion decision. Given the aggregate demand curve, the optimal number of segments, the associated prices and supply quantities, and the promotion decisions can be determined. A numerical example based on the case of hotel rooms is tested to illustrate the developed DP model.

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Significant changes in the shipping market cause port authorities facing the new challenges and opportunities. Moreover, container traffic to and from other parts of Asia is expected to grow more rapidly than the world average, and the intra-Asian trade in particular will continue to outperform global container growth. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationships among major Asia ports, based on the historical port throughput data by using a set of time series analysis methods. The results would assist port authority in understanding the port position and managing the partners. The findings indicate that there were no long-term equilibrium relationship existed among Asia ports, but short-term relationships did exist among them. Through generalized forecast error variance decomposition, it is found that many of these ports can explain the variance with each other which is important for port authorities to mange their relationships.

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This study aims to empirically investigate customer satisfaction in China low cost carrier (LCC) market. Three importance-performance analysis (IPA) methods -- traditional IPA and two revised IPA (partial correlation model, PCM and dummy regression model, DRM) are adopted and compared. The results show that the top-priority attributes to be improved recognized by the traditional IPA are Flight on-time and Complaint response, which are different to those suggested by PCM -- Complaint response and Meal service. In addition, according to the evaluation results of DRM on the passengers with various journey purposes, Attributes importance viewed by passengers with various journey purposes significantly differs. Corresponding improvement strategies are then proposed based on three methods.

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This paper seeks to improve our understanding of air passengers' decision making processes by testing a conceptual model that considers service value, airline service quality, satisfaction, perceived sacrifice, and behavioural intentions. In this study, a linear structure equation modeling is applied used to incorporate the service quality of airline companies into the passengers' airline choice model to enhance the models' performance and the forecasting ability. Two modeling approaches are applied in this study: SEM and IPA. The SEM results showed that the service value is the main factor that can influence the behavioural intention. IPA results indicated that responsiveness is the most important airline service quality attribute in passengers. Finally, implications of these results for practice and research are provided.

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The advent of containerization technology has resulted in inter-port competition due to the expansion of hinterlands. Two tendencies, namely concentration and deconcentration of container traffic, have been observed during this process. This study focuses on three Eastern-Asia countries: Japan, China and Korea, to make a comparative discussion of their port concentration dynamics during 1975-2005. Based on the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), a new index named Geo-Economic Concentration Index (GECI), which considers the competitive interactions among ports by incorporating geographical and economic characteristics of countries, is presented to measure the degree of concentration of the port systems on a country level. The results of concentration analysis using this new index show the diversified evolution dynamics of the countries concerned. Furthermore, the differences of evolution patterns are explained from the perspective of port governance structure and development policies.

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Airlines in Japan have increased the capability for conveying air passengers by enlarging aircraft size due to the lack of runway capacity especially in Haneda, and consequently the average aircraft-size has been extraordinarily large in Japanese domestic market in comparison with the other western country. This means that level of service in terms of the flight frequency is low in many air routes in Japan. In this study, first, we roughly compare the flight frequency and aircraft size among major countries. Second, in order to see the potential flight frequency, we analyze the flight frequency in US and Japan from the view point of the characteristics of each air route such as passenger demand, route distance and number of airline entries.

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A well-equipped port in an offshore archipelago can proffer three major service functions: Transportation, Recreation/Tourism, and Fishery.. This research finds that the freight transportation sub-function between Taiwan and the Pescadores, and the passenger ferry service among the Pescadores Islands are the two most critical sub-service functions, requiring immediate and intensive investment from the government if the four major ports (i.e. Makung, Lungmen, Sokang, and Chihkan) in the Pescadores Archipelago wish to improve their overall performance efficiently. Finally, the interviewees all agree that Makung port has the best overall performance, as Makung port is superior to the other three ports in all three major service functions mentioned in this study.

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This research employs AHP questionnaires to survey cargo airlines in Taiwan, and to identify the most important service attributes and the performance of the Taoyuan international airport on these attributes. Of the many service attributes that influence an airlines' cargo hub airport selection behavior, geographical location of airports is perceived as the most important service attribute, followed by congestion and delay, operational availability, bilateral agreement, local demand, political risk, and airport user charge. According to previous literature, these above-mentioned attributes are some of the most frequently reported service attributes which influence an airlines' hub airport's selection behaviour. However, this research is one of the few researches that rank the importance and performance of the hub airports' service attributes using an empirical study through surveying major air cargo carriers in Taiwan.

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Using data gathered from domestic public-use airports in the Philippines, a model of the inter-relationships among quantitative measures of airport accessibility, air passenger movement, and the configuration of urban space around airports was calibrated. Surveys on selected airports confirmed that a stable airport hinterland exists, which is significantly related to trip origins of departing air passengers. A measure of airport accessibility based on the location of population centers at specific distances from the airport is thus defined. Data from multi-airport regions show that population density around airports in the Philippines follow a systematic decay function, suggesting a pattern of concentration near the airport. This pattern can be adequately predicted by a function of airport accessibility index, characterizing the observed trend towards settlement concentration around airports.

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The Han River is big resources for sightseeing and solving the problem of severe traffic congestion, but it is not utilized fully. The Han River water taxi has been serviced for tourists and commuters as part of efforts to reform the Han River since 2007. For commuter service, the 15-kilometer trip takes no more than 15 minutes without traffic congestion between eastern and western Seoul, but passengers for commuting are less than 50 persons per day. The goals of this study are to increase commuters using water taxi and relieve the congestion of traffic during rush hour. In this study, we proposed the strategies which linked with the other modes (walking, bicycle, bus and car). Also, several new O-Ds are added. As a result, the potential demand is increased remarkably for lines Jamwon–Yeouinaru District, Eungbong–Yeouinaru District and Ilsan-Habjung-Yeouinaru District after strategies including Bicycle Deck and new O-Ds.

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Main airlines naturally dominate the Incheon International Airport. The government executes various trade policies in order to protect main airlines. This paper analyzes the distances between hub airports in Asia and the distances of spokes, as well as relationships with other variables, travel fare, and monopoly power. The purpose is to recognize the position of the Incheon International Airport through analyzing fare and location differences between Incheon International Airport and other hub airports by market. The result appears that Incheon Airport was ranked 4th in fare competitiveness and location among East Asia airports, where the most competitive cities were Singapore in terms of fare competitiveness and Tokyo in terms of location competitiveness. Strategic and political schemes from the government are needed by Incheon Airport

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The containers handling is a critical issue that affects throughput rate of the container yards. This paper focuses on determining the storage position of the reshuffled container during retrieving containers at container yards. The static problem is considered, i.e. the sequence of the retrieved containers is known, and arriving containers is not allowed during the period of retrievals. The objective of the problem is to retrieve all containers with the minimization of the number of reshuffles. A tabu search (TS) algorithm is proposed to solve the problem and a simple branch and bound (B&B) procedure is applied for comparison of the solution quality. 60 sets of instances are generated for testing the efficiency of tabu search. The computational results show that 2.24% of the average gaps between TS and B&B are obtained form the tested instances.

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Marine transportation is important for archipelagic country like Indonesia. Ports as the element of marine transportation system and key elements of the logistics chain play very important role in stimulating and supporting regional economic development. Legalization of new Law No. 17 of 2008 on Shipping caused elementary change in structure and management of Indonesian port. Some key element of the port reform are dissociation function of port regulator and port operator, introducing port authority and confirmation the involvements of local government and the private sector participation in developing port industry in the country. This paper reports the recent developments of Indonesian port reform, together with the opportunities and constrain reported. As the practice of multi-operators is envisaged in the future private sector participation in the port sector, the necessary changes in the institutional set up for Indonesian port are also discussed.

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The development of free port plan has been promoted in Taiwan area since 2003. The major purpose is attracting multi-national enterprises to establish their Asia-Pacific operational headquarter within Taiwan's free port zone. To achieve the goal, the most important point would be what incentive schems the government will provide for business entities. This paper focuses on investigating the promotion of free port zone in Taiwan and what kind of business would be developed within the zone. It begins with a brief introduction to the development of free port plan. Then, it discusses the responding opinions from private enterprises. Two business cases currently operating within the free port zone also will be presented. Finally, some conclusions and further research suggestions are presented in the final part.

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Abstract: Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) is a method to monitor the integrity of GPS satellites by measuring the redundant satellites on the users receiver. In the very near future every GPS equipment used in the CNS system in the Indonesian ATM is required to provide RAIM feature in order to improve the accuracy, integrity, continuity of service and availability of GPS. RAIM is able to inform ATM relating to Fault Detection and Fault Detection and Exclusion. This paper describes research undertaken by the GPS Group in BPPT to provide RAIM information to the users of Indonesian Airspace. The research concentrates in three sectors: signal in space, RAIM, and NoticeToAirMan (NOTAM) interface. This research is still in the preliminary phase of gathering information regarding the Asia/Pacific future development of CNS/ATM, measured propagation characteristic of GPS signal in Indonesian region and RAIM information. This paper presents the results of the preliminary phase research.

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The service of surface access to Narita and Haneda airports in Tokyo metropolitan area has been continuously improved. Recently many routes of airport limousine have been opened and its market share has expanded. This study investigates access mode choice behavior of international air passenger in Tokyo metropolitan area. The data from "International air passenger survey" conducted by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan is utilized in this study. Modal share of existing rapid train such as Narita Express and Keisei Sky Liner has been obviously derived by the limousine. To demonstrate the reasons of the market expansion of limousine, discrete choice model of access mode is estimated with multinomial logit model.

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