This study has the aim to research on global tendency of road traffic safety development in the whole history of about two decades of Vietnam. For the great deficiency in the related traffic accidents data, it carries out a comparative analysis based on important relevant official legal documents which had great impact on the social life. Together with the more and more serious development of traffic accidents, it seems that there exists a hidden 5 years rule, by which for each five years, the traffic accidents become so critical that the authorities should reintensify their efforts at a higher level in an attempt to control this big social problem, while the announced main approaches for traffic safety of Vietnam as All people and Comprehensiveness are basically not different with international well-known 4E Engineering, Enforcement, Education and Emergency and Traffic Safety Stakeholders

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Based on a survey by questionnaires and direct interviews in 11 provincial traffic police agencies, this study carry out a general evaluation on the handling violations of traffic regulations. These violations are classified as administrative and very popular now in Vietnam. It shows that despite of high requirement to handle all violations, in fact a small part of these violations can be indentified and handled only. On administrative penalties, it is the police and inspectors at lowest levels who use usually their competence to impose these penalties while the higher level usually neglects it. The analysis on data shows clearly shortcomings such as the neglecting in handling violations of several groups of violators, especially, pedestrians and bicycle users etc. The paper shows also irrationalities in current definition of Traffic Collision, for while these collisions are defined as traffic accidents but their information are ignored in collection of traffic accident data.

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A crash is often caused by a series of errors and also attributed to a number of categorical explanatory factors. To explore the key rules that determine the most contributing factors to crash severity, this paper develops a novel genetic mining rule (GMR) model, which accounts for the conflict and redundancy of rules mined. To avoid over-mining caused by unevenly distributed data across different types of accidents, identical numbers of A1-type (fatal), A2-type (injury), and A3-type (non-injury) crash cases drawn from 2003-2007 Taiwan's freeway accident investigation reports are used for the analysis. A total of 39 rules are mined which can achieve an overall correct rate of 74.25% in training and 70.79% in validation, respectively, much higher than those yielded by the decision tree model. Travel period, major cause, collision type and journey purpose are found as the four major contributory factors to crash severity in this study.

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This paper deals with an interesting approach to develop a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) software tool for road tunnels. It first presents a novel QRA model of road tunnels, consisting of event trees and fault trees and consequence estimation models, which is developed by taking into account unique characteristics of Singapore's road tunnels. This paper proceeds to design the QRA software tool based on the proposed QRA model by means of the object oriented design (OOD) method and XML database technique. The QRA software tool developed in study is robust and flexible such that users can plug-in their own event trees, fault trees and the consequence estimation models. An illustrative case study is carried out to test robustness and effectiveness of the QRA software tool.

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Road accident is one of the major causes of death and economic losses in Thailand. One of the steps to address the accident problem is to understand with proper depth how the accident can occur and identify hazardous locations in order to countervail accidents and reduce the severity of accidents on the highways. For that, a traditional practice in the developed world is to develop an accident prediction model. However, this is always associated with the availability of data and remains as a tool considered by many researchers to be suitable for the developed world only. This paper investigates the possibilities to develop a simple accident prediction model for Thai highways constrained by substantial lack of data and inspect its supremacy as compared with well known frequency based approach to identify hazardous locations. Hence, Poison regression models by maximum likelihood method were developed incorporating available geometric data, month, and exposure.

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The traffic accident rate in Hochiminh city had been steadily increasing and had reached over an alarming level. Based on the big survey of all road accident data from 1999-2007 in Hochiminh city and the statistic analysis, the paper identified road accident trend, road safety problems which were a un-controlling in the rapid increase of motorized vehicles, a weak enforcement of traffic rules such as drunk drivers, excessive speeding, a very low level of road user perception, existing rule on lane assignment by vehicle type. Some measures were proposed to eliminate the hot traffic accident problem today in the study area.

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This study aims to evaluate the comprehensive safety programs that were launched around 1990 in Japan in terms of its effectiveness in reducing traffic fatalities. Traffic fatalities (hereinafter:"fatalities") in Japan recorded by the National Police Agency (NPA) declined from 11,415 in 1992 to 5,744 in 2007. For this period, comprehensive traffic safety programs were carried out by government agencies, automobile manufacturers, public works agencies and other organizations in Japan. Intermediate targets (e.g., comparison of fatalities before and after improvement amendment of The Road Traffic Law), driver's risk recognition speed, rates of seat belt use, road infrastructure improvements are adopted as performance indicators. We estimated the effect of each countermeasure on the number of fatalities respectively. The comprehensive nationwide traffic safety program was shown to be highly effective in reducing traffic fatalities in Japan.

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The research which makes more high-technical expressway than present is being performed now in Korea. In that research, Smart highway is called for the term of high-technical expressway. The same term is used in this research. Present problems which happened on the road should be investigated to design high-technical expressway. This research analyzed traffic accidents at home and abroad for figure out certain causes of problems. According to the analysis, severe traffic regulations should be enforced. Severe traffic regulations would bring more improved safety on the road. Through the series of this process, both summary methods and legal reinforcement of violational vehicles are simultaneously required to realize the environment of Smart highway.

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The severity of traffic accident on expressway highway is higher than those of the other highways of interrupted flow. The improvement of the safety for express highway is then important, and it is necessary to develop the criteria for the evaluation of the safety. This study developed the integrated criteria for the safety of the express highways, which can consider both of the quantitative and the qualitative aspects. The quantitative factor includes the accident frequency, and the quantitative ones do the driver's awareness for the change on the highway environment as well as the driver's satisfaction on the highway safety.

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Non-recurrent congestion mainly due to the traffic incident is unpredictable. However, its substantial impact on the traffic flow temporarily reduces capacity of roads and incurs enormous time loss. In order to minimize the economic loss from the congestion, the non-recurrent congestion should be dealt with properly and effectively. This study aims to understand major factors affecting the clearance time using complete 2,647 incident data occurred on freeways of Korea in 2005. Using SEM relationships among various exogenous variables and incident clearance time are explored. The model developed in this study is validated using incident data in 2004. The resulting model provides valuable information for the incident clearance time, which can be utilized to manage the incident effectively.

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Intersection is one of the accident-prone locations. To avoid accidents at the intersection, it is important for drivers to confirm the flashing green and non-flashing red of pedestrian signals. This study is based on a assumption that the confirmation of a pedestrian signal enables the drivers to anticipate the change of the signal to yellow, and this provides allowance time for the proceed or stop decision; and thereby this leads to improved safety at intersections. In this paper, safety level of the signalized intersection with pedestrian signal is evaluated by the user experiment data collected in the laboratory. As a result, it was clearly shown that anticipation of a signal change to yellow by using a pedestrian signal enables a vehicle to avoid the dilemma zone; and the safety at the intersection when the signal changes to yellow is thereby better than the case where such information is not provided.

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Bureau of Intercity Motorways, which operates all Thailand intercity road network, has identified the need for the development of an incident data collection, management and analysis system. This is part of a strategy to implement an advanced tool to facilitate accident data collection and analysis processes. An integration of handheld computers is proposed with objectives to replace cumbersome primitive processes, to make incident data collection and analysis more standardized, less error-prone and, more efficient. The collected data in the handheld computer can be directly synchronized into the main database system which can prevent the reentering of data and reduce the amount of time for paper-based data to be transferred in an electronic form.

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This paper aims to investigate the influence of accident related factors on motorcycle injuries on two arterial roads in Bali. Multinomial logit (MNL) models are estimated considering three severity classes such as slight injury, serious injury and fatal injury as response variables using local police data as explanatory variables. The analysis shows that there are four variables associated with motorcycle injuries. Sideswipe accidents involving motorcyclists were 51.7% less likely resulting in serious injuries than slight injuries. In addition, motorcycles collided with other vehicle(s), either motorist/motorcyclist failed to yield and motorcycle at fault were 89.1%, 60.7% and 44% respectively less likely resulting in fatal injuries than slight injuries. Probability analysis shows that a change in 1% of these variables could influence motorcycle injuries between 33% and 34%.

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This study investigates the influence of accident related factors on road fatalities using logistic regression technique. Logistic Regression models were separately developed for fatal accidents considering motorcycles and all vehicles including motorcycles using Bali in Indonesia as a case study. Based on the State Police of Bali Province accident data, seven predictor variables were employed in the developed models. The study found that the odds of fatal accident due to male motorcyclists and motorists at fault were 0.3 and 0.4 respectively lower than for females. Thus, the probabilities of female motorcyclists and motorists were about 79% and 72% respectively contributing more on motorcycle and motor vehicle fatal accidents than males. In addition, age was also significant to influence all vehicle fatalities. Age was accounted for about 50% to influence all vehicles fatalities.

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Past road safety studies have mostly focused on the identification of scenarios involving high accident risk. However, risky scenarios can only describe accident outcomes rather than the real causality. Discussion of driver's cognitive interaction while driving is a necessity for deeper exploration about the nature of accident. To comprehend the entire structure of mental workload, this research proposes a research framework for studying mental models that incorporates task demand and motivated capability. Understanding the contributing factors of mental model and the individual difference in task demand and motivated capability can help evaluate the mental workload. In addition, integrating mental model with accident chain analysis enables exploring information net effect on mental workload. Thus, optimized information can hopefully be defined and provided to drivers in different scenarios without causing additional risk of accidents.

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This paper proposes a new incident detection approach which can detect the incident before it occurs. The new incident detection model consists of a prediction mechanism for driving behavior by involving a car-following model to predict the car-following behavior. The model is then Predictable Incident Detection (PID) model. The test and development of the model used the simulated data. For checking the incident occurrence, a new parameter - distance gap between two following vehicles was adopted. Using artificial neural network technique with the parameter of distance gap between vehicles, the incident detection model was established. The test results indicate that the new method can actually predict an incident, i.e. with a negative time-to-detect. The proposed method can be a useful method when combined with other conventional methods to enhance the performance of existing incident detection systems.

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In general, member countries of the ASEAN with high motorcycle registration have been found to have very high road crash incidence. In the Philippines, every year, more than 600,000 motorcycles have been added on the road. In 2007, the number has reached 2.65 million. There is much to learn from the lessons of the other ASEAN countries which have gone through the experience of having too many motorcycles on the road as they become more affordable but with corresponding alarming problem on road safety. The paper shows that this experience has already begun in the Philippines, and if the trend would continue without any proper intervention, the same fate may likely be expected.

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This study aimed at identifying driving styles and evaluating their connections to drivers sociodemographic factors as well as speeding and accident experience. In a sample of 247 Taiwanese individuals, a factor analysis was conducted to derive five valid constructs including aggressiveness, anxiety, misjudgment, distraction, and unawareness. Moreover, four driving styles were identified and analyzed via a K-means cluster and logistic regression analysis. The results showed that the constructs significantly differ on their sociodemographic factors, speeding experience, but not on accident involvement. Moreover, the constructs exhibited distinct impacts on the formation of driving styles while exposure factors were controlled. The heterogeneous driving styles explored in this study reconfirmed the heterogeneity of driver personality and accident occurrence found in past studies. General strategies to the sample population and specific strategies to each driving style were discussed.

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An advisable'evidence-based'strategy to reduce the red-light running should be built upon higher priorities of the driver's behavioral intention to run the red light under the common situations without the public controversies in the future. The purpose of this study is to use Rasch modeling with objective measurement to explore the priorities of the motorcyclist's behavioral intention in red-light running under the common situations. The results indicated that the participants reported higher levels of motorcyclist's behavioral intention in red-light running when there is nobody at night time, they are in a hurry, and they pass by not much heavy intersections; on the other hand, they reported lower levels of motorcyclist's behavioral intention in red-light running when there are passengers in the vehicle, and it is raining. In addition to red light cameras, this study provided traffic safety experts with objective evidence of other possible strategies to reduce the red-light running under the common situations from the behavioral science and Rasch modeling perspective.

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This paper analyses injury mechanism involved in a frontal collision crash and the effect of seatbelt use to reduce injury severity. All evidences on vehicle, driver, and road were collected during accident investigation. This case is a fatal accident involving single car with single occupant hitting to roadside barrier. Two step analysis was conducted. Firstly, crash occurrence was reconstructed to estimate the parameters of impact. Secondly, models were developed to study the injury mechanism involved in the crash. Models with and without seatbelt use were developed to describe what happen to body of driver when the seatbelt is used and not used during the crash. Analysis results show that seatbelt use can reduce injury severity.

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Considering the effects of cohort on aspects of the younger generation will help in understanding the latest decline of the number of fatal accidents in Japan. This study investigated the effects of changes in patterns of age, period and cohort on the number of fatal and injured accidents quantitatively through the use of a wide-ranging set of statistical techniques. We used the number of driving license holders as an exposure value. As a result, cohorts had a strong effect on changes in the number of fatal accidents. However, cohort had little effect on changes in the number of injured accidents. The cohorts born in 1967-71 and 72-76 has a large increasing effect on the number of fatal accidents, and the latest cohort born in 1982-86 has a large decreasing effect. It should be noted that the number of driving mileage per age group is more desirable as an exposure value.

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A detailed design of level crossing VMS is conducted, which is based on the basic design related to prototype of information contents and transmitting method. First, physical design of level crossing VMS is determined. For example, there are cycle of display, colours, luminance, height and type of character and screen size. Second, phrases for displayed message and strategies for operation are developed. These phrases are determined as 6 types according to situations which will be able to happen at level crossing. Finally, we design the algorithm which performs process of transmitting situational messages to VMS control system for displaying information on the VMS.

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Predictive information on the impacts of freeway incidents can be a critical criterion for users in selecting travel options and for operators in operating transportation systems. If it is provided properly, users can select time-effective routes and operators can effectively run the system. In this study, a model was proposed to estimate and predict freeway incident impacts using a micro-simulation based framework. The predictive model for incident impacts was based on short-term forecasting. The proposed model was examined using techniques such as MARE, MAE, and RMSE. The results of the analysis show that the models are accurate enough to be deployed in the real world. They also suggest that the development of a microscopic incident impact forecasting model proposed in this study would help mitigate the traffic delays in case of incidents and the associated social expenses as well.

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The urgent need to improve the road accident problem in Thailand is to build up accident knowledge and research base which has led to the establishment of Thailand Accident Research Center. The goals of this establishment are to conduct the accident in-depth study to investigate, analyze, and evaluate the mechanisms behind crashes and the incidence of injuries on a continuous basis. The objectives of this paper are to present the findings on the contributing factors of road crashes through accident in-depth study in Thailand. The study involves scene investigation to inspect the accident site and gather all related evidences. Then, all of evidences are reconstructed in order to determine the crash significant factors. The findings of this study summarize different characteristics of crashes encapsulating most of the accident cases in Thailand, which related to motorcycle accidents, behavior of young drivers, road side hazard crashes, and rollover crashes.

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The intention of the study is to reveal how a society appreciates road safety and the factors that influence public willingness to pay for a reduction in risk of road safety. The Discrete Choice modelling technique is employed to model the willingness to pay data collected through a Stated Preference Contingent Valuation experiment and to investigate the determinants of and the attitudes to willingness to pay for road safety. Accordingly, eight models were developed for car and motorcycle casualties by taking into account four severity classes of casualty: slight, serious but no permanent disability, serious with permanent disability, and fatal. The analysis conducted shows that level of education and vehicle ownership have significant relationship with public willingness to pay. It is also found that there exists a very strong correlation between past casualty experiences and willingness to pay.

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Grouping behavior is a unique characteristic of the mixed traffic with the dominance of motorcycles. At two-phased signalized and non-signalized intersections in Hanoi city there are increasingly serious conflicts between vehicles groups, especially between the unprotected left-turn and straight-go groups, thereby reducing traffic speeds and increasing accidents. This study was aimed to investigate the mechanisms of the inter-group interactions and suggest measures to manage the intersections. First, a general analysis was conducted to initially understand the interactive strategies by each group and determinant factors. Then, a gap acceptance model was developed to deeply analyze the gap decision-making process by the left-turn groups and capture behavioral differences between the motorcyclists and car divers who lead the groups. The study found that the total gap, which combines the longitudinal and lateral gaps, strongly influenced the gap decision of both the drivers. Interestingly, the number of motorcycles in the left-turn group could make its leading motorcyclists more aggressive. The leading car drivers appeared to be sensitive to the expected waiting time while the motorcyclists did not.

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Hydroplaning is a major safety concern in wet-weather driving. Grooved tires have been commonly used to improve skid resistance and increase the hydroplaning speed. Tire grooves help in the expulsion of water from the tire pavement contact region by providing escape channels. Past researchers have shown that tire groove spacing, groove width and groove depth affect skid resistance. However, analytical tools are unavailable for highway engineers to evaluate hydroplaning speed taking into consideration basic geometric parameters such as tire groove width, groove depth and spacing etc. The present paper describes a numerical analytical tool to study the effect of tire groove spacing, groove width and groove depth on hydroplaning speed by means of earlier verified analytical hydroplaning modeling for tire having transverse groove pattern, longitudinal groove pattern and combined transverse and longitudinal groove pattern on plane pavement surface are analyzed in this paper.

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Hokkaido is a cold, snowy prefecture in Northern Japan. The prefecture accounts for 20% of Japan's land, and the cities in this vastness are widely dispersed. Residents in Hokkaido depend heavily on vehicle traffic, which accounts for about 90% of all transportation. Most of the intercity national highways in the rural areas of Hokkaido are two-way, two-lane roads, and such highways have the problems of risky passing and impaired road performance from long-time following. This study clarifies how passing behavior changes as a function of traffic volume or passing sight distance on two-way, two-lane highways in rural areas of Hokkaido. The goal is to recommend an improved road structure, such as the installation of a passing lane or the development of 2+1 lane highways.

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In winter in Hokkaido, pavement markings are damaged from snow removal, and every spring, the markings need to be reapplied. The authors propose a system of pavement markings whose recessed design prevents scraping damage from snowplows and whose incorporation of rumble strips increases driving safety. To determine the optimum design for recessed pavement markings, trial installation used two intervals between grooves. Driving tests found that recessed markings with long intervals generate more noise and vibration than recessed markings with short intervals, making the former more noticeable than the latter. It was found that waterborne paints are not durable enough to be used on recessed pavement markings. Spraying of thermoplastic paints were chosen instead. Furthermore, in order to improve of nighttime visibility under rainy conditions by highly reflective beads were used. This paper reports on development of recessed pavement markings that incorporate rumble strips.

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Some expressways in local area with low traffic have only two lanes without rigid divided median strips because of the cost reduction. It is very important to find effective countermeasures that reduce the number of these tragic traffic accidents. However, general characteristics and factors of traffic accidents on undivided expressway have not been clarified sufficiently yet. Then, in this research, we try to find some crucial factors for traffic accidents especially in snow cold region and propose some useful countermeasures to reduce the miserable traffic accidents on undivided expressway.

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The identification and ranking of hazardous road locations are important parts of road safety improvement programs. This paper describes the application of Empirical Bayes (EB) approach for identifying and ranking hazardous junctions. Accident, traffic, and junction geometric/environment data from 203 four-legged and 186 three-legged signalized junctions across western part of Singapore were collected. Accident prediction models were developed and safety of the junctions was estimated. After that, hazardous junctions were identified using probability of selecting the worst site concept and then ranked using PSI (potential for safety improvement) and LH (level of hazard) criteria. A total of 38 junctions were found as hazardous. The result shows that the use of criterion is more favorable than criterion as it is able to detect the top hazardous junctions with the largest number of accidents in the study period.

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The simultaneous impacts of driving experience and use of in-vehicle traffic safety information on traffic safety was investigated in this study, focusing driving behavior of young male drivers. To evaluate this influence, the utility function of the information was first defined by incorporating the influence of driving experience based on the forgetting phenomenon in the short-term memory. By putting this utility function into a driving stability risk model which was built by an ordered response modeling approach based on drivers' speed choices, the level of traffic safety was measured. The estimated results show that driving experience is associated with better recall of the provided in-vehicle traffic safety information, showing that risk of driving could reduce by provision of the safety information. Data used for the analysis was collected through an on-site driving experiment using a probe vehicle which was conducted at a signalized intersection approach with a limited traffic signal visibility on the national highway "route 2" in Hiroshima City, Japan in 2006.

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The concept of predicting road crashes in real-time is influenced by the idea that instantaneous crash probability can be fathomed using the instantaneous traffic flow data and thus road users can be informed about the existence of any hazardous traffic condition in real-time as part of proactive safety measure. This paper presents a methodology for building such a model for urban expressways using Bayesian Network. Sixteen month (December, 2006 to March, 2008) crash data and 24-hour traffic data (5 minute aggregated average speed and cumulative flow) were collected for a two kilometer study section on Shinjuku 4 Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway. The model was built with 150 field crash data and later validated with 50 separate crash data taking place on the same road section. The outcome was encouraging as the newly developed model could successfully predict 74% future crashes using average crash probability as the threshold value.

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This study compared the level of service (LOS) for the intersections before and after the installation of the scrambled crosswalk. The intersections were classified by the number of legs for three and four legged intersections and the LOS were evaluated for various levels of the critical lane volumes. The scrambled crosswalk may also remove the conflicts between the pedestrians and the right-turning vehicles. According to the results, the scrambled crosswalk may be effective on the intersections with two lane roadway and the high right-turning vehicle volume. It is also desirable for the intersections with high pedestrian volumes because pedestrians may cause the conflicts with the right-turning vehicles. Finally, the guideline for the installation of scrambled crosswalk was developed which can consider both of traffic operation and the pedestrian safety.

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This study is intended to set forth quantitative criteria on the traffic island, which in turn is designed to improve traffic safety and to facilitate the channelization at intersections. Thereby, it further aims at proposing the standards applicable to intersection designs and to projects to improve their management. Variables affecting construction of a traffic island at the Y-intersection or at the 4-way intersection are traffic volume, existence of the right-turn lane on the border between main and minor roads and the traffic volume over the lane, the difference in the number of lanes between bordering main and minor roads, and type of an intersection. The 3-way and the 4-way intersections do not show much difference. Still, in determining whether to construct a traffic island, the former is affected by the traffic volume over the right-turn lane on the main road, while the latter is more affected by the right-turn traffic volume on the minor road.

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VSL(Variable Speed Limit) is one of the improving traffic operation method. Some studies about the effect of VSL have been done in Europe, but it is hard to find the cases and studies in Korea, especially theoretical verification. This study is aimed to evaluate the effectiveness including theoretical verification based on traffic flow model and shock wave theory. The flow-density diagrams from are evaluated against the traffic flow model and shock wave theory. As the result of evaluation, there are effects on slowdown the speed of shockwave and reducing the average delay as compared with that of the non-VSL case. And the effects and the changes of traffic flow in VSL case are verified as q-k curve and shock wave theory. This study will be preliminary research to decide the scope of VSL control and make decisions for control strategies from now on.

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Driving behavior such as speed reduction is needed for risk aversion when driving although it leads to decrease in travel utility. In this paper, a driving behavior model applying "Subjective Risk" and "Driving Utility" is proposed as a fundamental study for the evaluation of traffic safety measures considering the trade-off between safety and travel utility. Then, the mechanism of changing "Driving Behavior", "Subjective Net-Utility", and "Social Net-Benefits" due to the change in traffic environment is proved. Finally, the applicability of this model is confirmed with observed data at non-signal intersections. It is found that this model can be applied in comparing the level of "Subjective Risk" and the assumption is verified.

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This paper examines the effectiveness of speed enforcement with police intervention by conducting a two-week trial of speed enforcement on Highway No. 1 (Paholyothin Road). The results based on speed survey data indicate that for most types of vehicles, the speeding police intervention was immediately effective in reducing speed and increasing the percentage of drivers complying with speed limits. However, no significant evidence on the effects was found in the absence of active police activity during night hours.

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In order to improve traffic flow, signal-free, grade-separated intersections in Delhi have often replaced signalized intersections. Evaluating the impact of signal free intersections on pedestrians is important when nearly fifty percent fatalities in the city involves pedestrians. Examining a pedestrian sample before and after site reconstruction produces a better understanding of the subsequent changes in pedestrian risk behavior. Strategically placed camcorders viewed pedestrians and approaching traffic. Sixty two percent pedestrian accepted gap less than 4 seconds(exposed to high risk) after site reconstruction compared to fifteen percent pedestrian accepting similar gap before the site reconstruction. After reconstruction, 22% of pedestrians did not use the pedestrian underpass and continued unsafe crossings at the site.

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This paper presents a holistic approach in level crossing safety modeling by using Petri nets. A Petri net is capable in dealing with multiple sequences which involve hardware, software and human failures in complex systems. This paper begins with the motivation towards the new modeling approach in assessing level crossing risk. A current activity by many countries related with level crossing safety risk was reviewed and highlighted. The research methods, safety modeling and analysis were presented. Petri nets tool TT-tools was used to build the model. The model was tested at ten critical level crossing locations in South Australia. The first model is developed using the signal failure as the accident mechanism. The result shows that the potential accident occurrence is very close to the actual accident at selected locations. The TT-tools appear to be the suitable tool for assessing the safety and performance at level crossing.

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Past studies on road safety research has in general found an inverse relationship between fuel prices and fatalities. Lower travel demand is usually used to explain the relationship. Much less studied is the switching behavior (substitution towards other mode of transportation). This study attempts to provide some empirical evidence on a mode switching phenomenon (between cars and motorcycles) not captured by all previous studies. Mode switching is likely to have a more significant impact on road safety in Malaysia because of substantially higher risk of fatality for motorcyclists and the ease at which road users can switch between the two modes. This study finds that fuel price changes does not have an impact on total fatalities but mode switching occurs between motorcycles and cars due to fuel price changes that is large enough to cause a significant change in the ratio of fatalities accounted for by motorcyclists.

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This study evaluates the effectiveness of the mandatory seatbelt law in Delhi in terms of observance of the law and estimated reduction in fatalities due to road traffic crashes. Seat belt use was monitored by road side observations at one location in 2001one year before the compulsory use law. Road side observations on belt use were taken every year in March/April for the period 2002-2005 after the notification of the compulsory use law. Seat belt use by front seat passengers averaged 72% for the four years 2002-2005 (drivers 79%, passengers 58%). Belt use by front seat by passengers was about 25% lower than that by drivers in all the years. Since car occupants comprise only 2%-3% of the fatalities in Delhi, the belt law may have resulted in an overall fatality reduction of less than 1%, an estimated 11-15 lives per year.

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An instrument which has capability on acquiring that limitation by carrying safety crossing concept, simple operation (user friendly) and simple manufacture, as well as minimum traffic delay occurred, is indispensable. Refer to that consideration, so Pedestrian Crossing Protector (PIREN) will be a choice which the function of giving crossing guidance to pedestrian, at a special crossing demand condition. This Instrument working concept is using minimum traffic time gap for guiding and managing crossing activity in fast and safe term. PIREN that designed appropriate with sample traffic situation needs 12.11 seconds for one operation, which taking across nine people. In that condition, PIREN application produces delta flow and delta degree of saturation as 24.796 pcu/hr and 0.0104 pts.

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This paper explores the accident insurance system in Indonesia in which the fund is collected through compulsory contribution from vehicle owners to cover victims of traffic accidents. It criticizes the system for being outdated in concept and contains a serious common cost phenomenon. The determination of the rate of compensation and hence the contribution is arguably low which practically has little effect on the safety consciousness among road users. Institutionally, Jasa Raharja, a state owned company, has become a less responsive organization for being the only party managing the fund on a monopoly basis. The study suggests to reform the above system into a third party-insurance scheme as applied in many countries so that a more accountable system can be created. Higher value of compensation leading to high premium would suggest the drivers to drive more carefully, and more funding can likely be made available.

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An accident is defined as an incident which involves one or more vehicles on a lane of road and causing losses of properties, injuries and fatalities. Accident could be caused by several factors, such as human behavior, vehicles, road conditions, and environment. This research is intended to identify the accident characteristics, to identify accident black-spots, and to obtain the relationship between accident rate and traffic characteristics and road geometry in two different topographies, lowland and highland regions. The location as a case study is Malang District (located at East Java Province). The results shows that the changing of traffic characteristics and road geometry could significantly increase or decrease the accidents occurrence rate, however the different results were obtained from different types of topography. In this study, several black spot locations in highland and lowland regions and some important accident characteristics in Malang District were identified.

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The paper presents results of preparation and implementation of a model project to improve the traffic safety on a route in Hanoi where there were usually congestions and high risk of accidents. This model project has the aim to illustrate the two important approaches of traffic safety as Comprehensiveness and All people. It consists of already well known various countermeasures, but the separated implementation of each of them leads to very low effectiveness. It shows that a harmonized coordination of them could bring synthesized results which are strong enough.

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High mixedness of traffic is very typical in Vietnam with the circulation of various vehicle types such as car, motorcycles, bikes etc. Lane separation by vehicle type is one of countermeasure to improve traffic safety by reducing this mixedness. But, it is not easy to apply such separation on any current existing road for it asks several conditions. A pilot project has been implemented on Tran Khat Chan and Dai Co Viet route of Hanoi with the aim to clarify how to introduce this measure into practice and to receive experiences for wide application in various other route. The paper presents main results and such experiences of this pilot project. It seems that the difficulties related to lane separation by vehicle type on existing route should be solved by implementation of the 3-E principle which consist of Engineering, Education and Enforcement.

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In Thailand there are more than 100,000 traffic accidents and traffic-related casualties of approximately 12,000 deaths per year. The aim of this research is to mitigate or reduce the severity and the number of road accidents, especially rear-end collisions. This research implemented the DOT tailgating treatment pavement markings to assist drivers in establishing the recommended following distance. The recommended following distance is derived from asymptotic stability condition of the GM 5th car-following model and calibrated with data collected on the national highway 1141, Thailand. The relationship between flow rates and distance headways were investigated before and after implementing the DOT treatment pavement markings. Distance headways are then used as a measure to examine the effectiveness of the markings. It is found that for a given flow rate distance headways increase after implementing the markings or the likelihood of rear-end collisions is reduced at the study site.

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This study aimed to find the effects of road geometry and cross section variables on the number of accidents. In addition this study developed a methodology to combine variables using decision trees. Combination variables for road geometry and cross-section variables were developed using the Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) algorithm. Three Negative Binomial models were developed: two with homogeneous road segments, and the other with 1-km road segments. The accuracy of negative binomial models developed with different road segments was compared. The negative binomial model using homogeneous road segments based on horizontal alignment was found to be the most accurate of the three models. Combination variables showed a significant effect on the number of accidents. It was found that the number of accident in a segment is influenced by the average accident rate in the adjacent road segments.

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This paper presents the effect of traffic and roads conditions to the accident rates on rural interurban roads in Eastern Indonesia. The survey was conducted in 7 provinces on 35 sections of roads. However, is only 18 sections of roads were able used for constructing the accident rates model. The multivariate regression linier with Poisson error was chosen as the best models and it concluded that the proportion of motorcycles, roughness index, road width and average speed are contributing significantly to the fatality rate in terms of fatalities over 100 million vehicle kilometre travelled. It is suggested that by limiting the number of motorcycles will have a greater impact to road safety. Increasing proportion of motorcycles by 10% will increase fatality rate by 30%. Reducing road width by 0.5 m, increasing average speed by 5 kph and increasing IRI index by 1 will increase fatality rate by 8.50%, 3.50% and 2.80% respectively.

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