ジャーヒリーヤの盗賊詩人サアーリークの類型化試論 : 実像と虚像の間で

抄録

This paper aims at tracing images of pre-Islamic brigand-poets called Sa'alik, as reflected in their akhbar-traditions or stories accompanied by poetic texts, which tell the life of poets and the situation in which their poetry was composed. In chapter I, after reviewing previous studies on Sa'alik literature, I will reaffirm the significance of further investigation of pre-Islamic Sa'alik for developing total understanding of the picaresque tradition in Arabic literary heritage. In chapter II, I will examine the nature of akhbar, concluding that they should be regarded not as incomplete/unreliable historical biographies, but as narratives which were formed through interpenetration with the poetic texts, interweaving facts with fictions within them. Then I will argue that those images of Sa'alik, as reflected in akhbar, indicate three different types according to their attitudes toward the tribal society: "anti-tribal", "cross-frontier", and "quasi-tribal". The "anti-tribal" type is represented by al-Shanfara who is the true vendettist to his own tribe; the "cross-frontier" type is represented by al-Sulayk bn al-Sulaka and Ta'abbata Sharran, whose arbitrary and also ambiguous character shows an interesting similarity to the mythological trickster; and the "quasi-tribal" type is represented by 'Urwa bn al-Ward, whose image of social bandit is unique among pre-Islamic Sa'alik in spite of his fame as "the father of Sa'alik". Despite these variations, they have "off-tribal" characters in common, being perceived as strangers both in their behavior and their existence, who depart from the society and disturb its public order.