抄録
This paper reviews the structural factors that led to the cessation of pilgrimage ship assignments for the ḥajj from Southeast Asia, which temporarily ceased from 1915 to 1917 during World War I. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the pilgrimage ship business between ports in Southeast Asia and Jeddah, conducted by Western steamship companies in connection with colonial governments, enabled Muslims in the Indian Ocean region to create the modern Islamic world via the ḥajj. In 1914, two Japanese steamship companies realized the significance of pilgrim transport as a business opportunity, becoming the first non-Muslim and non-Western sources of capital. However, they were unable to make much profit because of the interference of monopolistic companies, also experiencing compensation problems with the colonial governments. With the outbreak of World War I, the cost of chartering ships increased, leading to the allocation of ships to other more profitable businesses. As a result, the pilgrimage ship project proposed by the Japanese Consulate in Batavia was not implemented in 1915. The irony is that the ḥajj, which was made possible by the economic actions of non-Muslims, was also suspended as a result of economic rationality on the part of non-Muslims.
