抄録
Against the global shift toward low-carbon, high-efficiency energy systems, exploiting remaining oil in middle- to late-stage reservoirs is increasingly challenging, highlighting the need for green, intelligent, and reservoir-adaptable enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies. Among emerging solutions, nanomaterial flooding, microbial EOR (MEOR), and smart waterflooding attract attention for their environmental friendliness, controllable costs, and synergistic mechanisms. Nanomaterials enhance recovery via wettability alteration, interfacial tension regulation, mobility control, and pore-structure modification; MEOR leverages microbial metabolites and biochemical reactions for in-situ reservoir regulation; smart waterflooding improves displacement through engineered multi-ion effects on interfacial chemistry, mineral reactions, and clay ion exchange. Despite progress in mechanisms, simulations, and field trials, challenges remain in extreme-reservoir adaptability, unified modeling, environmental assessment, and large-scale cost. Future work should focus on multiscale mechanism coupling, synergistic material–microbial optimization, dynamic smart-water control, and AI-driven parameter inversion for sustainable, intelligent EOR. This review summarizes scientific foundations, advances, and application trends, and outlines collaborative development pathways and key scientific challenges for efficient, green reservoir exploitation.
