抄録
Agricultural water management is undergoing a fundamental transition from engineering-oriented water conservation to intelligent, low-carbon, and system-level optimization in response to climate change, growing water scarcity, and decarbonization goals. This review synthesizes recent advances in intelligent agricultural water management, focusing on multi-source sensing and remote sensing, crop–soil–water process modeling, precision irrigation and automated control, and multiscale digital twins spanning field, irrigation district, and watershed systems. Particular attention is given to the mechanisms by which these technologies improve water use efficiency, optimize irrigation energy consumption, strengthen climate resilience, and reduce agricultural carbon emissions. From an integrated water–energy–carbon perspective, the review comparatively evaluates intelligent irrigation, digital twin technologies, and renewable energy-powered irrigation systems with respect to resource-use efficiency, operational resilience, and decarbonization potential, while highlighting the trade-offs and rebound effects associated with water-saving and carbon mitigation strategies. Critical barriers to large-scale implementation are identified, including fragmented data infrastructures, limited cross-scale integration, insufficient real-time decision support, the interpretability and robustness of artificial intelligence models, inadequate incorporation of low-carbon objectives into water allocation and operation, and socioeconomic constraints affecting technology adoption. Future research priorities are proposed in four key areas: water–energy–carbon–food nexus optimization, physics-informed artificial intelligence, climate risk-informed operational decision-making, and digital twin-enabled adaptive governance. By integrating technological innovation, system reconfiguration, and governance coordination into a unified analytical framework, this review provides a conceptual foundation for developing resilient, low-carbon, and intelligent agricultural water management systems.
