企業集中発展史の国際的比較
重工業を中心としての発展の基本的契機
1969 年 4 巻 2 号 p. 1-32
詳細
1969 年 4 巻 2 号 p. 1-32
1. The meanings and characteristics of some terms used in this paper
Konzern is a kind of industrial combination which relates to its structure, being a weak capital-concentration. We may include vertical, horizontal and circular combinations as well as conglomerates in the vector combination, which indicates not only the direction of the combination, but also the quantity of industrial operations to be combined. The heavy industry is an industry or enterprise which produces iron and steel or manufactures iron-and steel-products.
2. Industrial combination and heavy industry
Industrial combination can accomplish the increase of profits, while heavy industry plays, as a key industry, an important part in promoting the prosperity of the community, and may, as well, affect the development of individual enterprises. Furthermore, industrial combination facilitates the enlargement and growth of a firm operating iron and steel production. Thus, industrial combination is deeply connected with the heavy industry.
3. The fundamental inducements underlying the development of the industrial combination in heavy industry of several countries
Among many inducements for industrial combination, a few are conceived as being worthy of mentioning here. Entrepreneurs or managements resort to industrial combination as a device for achieving the rationalization of their firms or to realize the monopoly of markets. So far as these activities are concerned, industrial combination brings forth a Gesellschaft described by F. Toennies, as a society formed for the purpose of promoting the interest of its members. German cartels may be regarded belonging to this kind of society. On the other hand, most of its members exhibit comradeship-spirit attitudes, which places emphasis on the entity of the group concerned, sometimes even regardless of individual interest of the member. The latter state of the group, fraternitas, leads to building up a society Gemeinschaft called by Toennies, a society which has no particular or formal purpose, existing, so to speak, as natural process. Thus, the German cartel is likely to have contained a synthesis of two characteristics of the society, and this particular feature might have intensified the controlling power of the German cartel before World War I.
