“Cell Wall” “Large Vacuole” & “Cytoplasmic Streaming”: How Do Cytoskeletons Build Plant Cells with Unique Physical Properties?

Abstract

Being sessile, plants adapt to fluctuating environments and survive in their habitats; to accomplish this, plant cells have evolved their own physical properties by developing “cell wall” and “large vacuole”, the former of which provides the physical strength and protection, while the latter generates turgor pressure from within the cell, thereby acting as the driving force for cell expansion. In such unique physical environments within plant cells, material circulation is facilitated through the fast flow of the cytoplasm, namely “cytoplasmic streaming”. This review summarizes how these plant-specific facets are organized in plant cells with the aid of cytoskeletal elements.