Digitalomics: Towards Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning-Based Precision Cardiovascular Medicine

Abstract

Recent advances in traditional “-omics” technologies have provided deeper insights into cardiovascular diseases through comprehensive molecular profiling. Accordingly, digitalomics has emerged as a novel transdisciplinary concept that integrates multimodal information with digitized physiological data, medical imaging, environmental data, electronic health records, environmental records, and biometric data from wearables. This digitalomics-driven augmented multiomics approach can provide more precise personalized health risk assessments and optimization when combined with conventional multiomics approaches. Artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) technologies, alongside statistical methods, serve as key comprehensive analytical tools in realizing this comprehensive framework. This review focuses on two promising AI/ML applications in cardiovascular medicine: digital phonocardiography (PCG) and AI text generators. Digital PCG uses AI/ML models to objectively analyze heart sounds and predict clinical parameters, potentially surpassing traditional auscultation capabilities. In addition, large language models, such as generative pretrained transformer, have demonstrated remarkable performance in assessing medical knowledge, achieving accuracy rates exceeding 80% in medical licensing examinations, although there are issues regarding knowledge accuracy and safety. Current challenges to the implementation of these technologies include maintaining up-to-date medical knowledge and ensuring consistent accuracy of outputs, but ongoing developments in fine-tuning and retrieval-augmented generation show promise in addressing these challenges. Integration of AI/ML technologies in clinical practice, guided by appropriate validation and implementation strategies, may notably advance precision cardiovascular medicine through the digitalomics framework.