Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships of Novel Benzofuran Derivatives with Osteoblast Differentiation-Promoting Activity

Abstract

Osteoporosis is caused by an imbalance between bone resorption and formation, which decreases bone mass and strength and increases the risk of fracture. Therefore, osteoporosis is treated with oral resorption inhibitors, such as bisphosphonates, and parenteral osteogenic drugs, including parathyroid hormone and antisclerostin antibodies. However, orally active osteogenic drugs have not yet been developed. In the present study, to find novel candidates for oral osteogenic drugs, various benzofuran derivatives were synthesized and their effects on osteoblast differentiation were examined in mouse mesenchymal stem cells (ST2 cells). Among the compounds tested, 3-{4-[2-(2-isopropoxyethoxy)ethoxy]phenyl}benzofuran-5-carboxamide (23d) exhibited potent osteoblast differentiation-promoting activity, estimated as EC₂₀₀ for increasing alkaline phosphatase activity, and good oral absorption in female rats, resulting in high C_max/EC₂₀₀. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning revealed that 23d at 10 mg/kg/d for 8 weeks increased femoral bone mineral density in ovariectomized rats with an elevation in plasma bone-type alkaline phosphatase activity, and micro-computed tomography showed that it increased bone volume, mineral contents, and strength in femoral diaphysis cortical, but not trabecular bone during the experiment period. 23d potently inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) activity, suggesting that its osteoblastogenic activity is mediated by the suppression of CDK8, as previously reported for diphenylether derivatives. In conclusion, the structure–activity relationships of novel benzofuran derivatives were clarified and 3,5-disubstituted benzofuran was identified as a useful scaffold for orally active osteogenic compounds. Compound 23d exhibited potent osteoblastogenic activity through CDK8 inhibition and osteogenic effects in ovariectomized rats, indicating its potential as an orally active anti-osteoporotic drug.