米国国立科学財団による大学女性教員支援事業の政策過程分析

―NSF ADVANCEの形成に着目して―

抄録

 The NSF ADVANCE program (ADVANCE) is the flagship initiative for the advancement of women faculty in the United States and represents a large institutional grant that differs from earlier small-scale individual grants. ADVANCE was established in 2001, at a time when backlash against affirmative action was intensifying. The author analyzes this puzzle using John W. Kingdon's multiple streams framework to elucidate the multilayered process of its formation. Based on interviews with policy elites and an examination of public documents, the formation of ADVANCE can be explained as follows. Within the NSF, long-term data-informed discussions aimed at addressing the underrepresentation of women in academia were conducted, accompanied by internal softening-up processes. In the late 1990s, when the problem and political windows opened, policy entrepreneurs coupled the three streams, refined proposals, and moved them onto the decision agenda. By applying the multiple streams framework, this article discusses the proactive features of policy entrepreneurs at the NSF, such as reframing the issue to circumvent opposition and fostering frequent discussions across the organization. The study also highlights that policy entrepreneurs at the NSF remained committed to addressing structural gender inequality even as they adjusted their strategies.