To solve the coordinated optimization of dynamic response, steady-state accuracy and chattering suppression in PMSM speed control, an INISMC—ADSTA strategy is proposed. Its nonlinear piecewise sliding mode surface alleviates the conflict between integral saturation and dynamic performance, while the adaptive super-twisting reaching law achieves fast convergence and chattering suppression. Verified by Lyapunov stability analysis, finite-time convergence proof and DSP experiments, the strategy optimizes multiple performance indicators coordinately with strong disturbance rejection, outperforming traditional methods.