The Positive of the Imidazole side Chain of Histidine⁷ Is Crucial for GLP-1 Action

Abstract

Glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide/(7-37)(GLP-1) is an incretin hormone which plays an important role in postprandial glucose homeostasis. Since GLP-1 potentiates glucose-induced insulin secretion, stimulates insulin biosynthesis and inhibits glucagon release, it is a potential tool for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. For this, an exact understanding of the structural/functional moieties of the peptide is mandatory. The present study investigates the importance of structural features of histidine⁷ at the N-terminus for GLP-1 action. Based upon binding and activity data obtained from ten different GLP-1 analogues we show that not the positive charge of the free α-amino group but the positive charge of the imidazole side chain of histidine is crucial for GLP-1 action. The presence of a ring structure and a basic function as well as the correct positioning of both seems to be decisive.