Abstract
Under the context of global climate change, the cryosphere, as a critical component of the Earth system, is undergoing rapid transformation that triggers complex multi-sphere feedback mechanisms and profoundly influences atmospheric circulation, hydrological processes, ecosystems, and human societies. In recent years, the integration of multi-source remote sensing technologies with in situ monitoring networks has substantially enhanced the observational capacity for key cryospheric variables, while Earth system models with increasingly optimized physical parameterizations have progressively improved the simulation accuracy of coupled ocean–atmosphere–ice–land processes. Multidisciplinary impact assessment approaches have facilitated a transition from single-causal impact analyses toward evaluations centered on social–ecological system resilience and adaptive capacity, revealing regional vulnerabilities and transboundary risks associated with cryospheric change. Nevertheless, spatial discontinuities in observational data, the complexity of nonlinear feedback pathways, and difficulties in identifying critical thresholds continue to constrain further advances in cryosphere research. Future efforts should establish an integrated research framework that combines coordinated monitoring, high-resolution modeling, and dynamic resilience assessment to promote the translation of scientific findings into regional sustainable development strategies. This review systematically synthesizes the multi-sphere feedback mechanisms, impact assessment approaches, and adaptation strategies related to global cryosphere change, to provide a theoretical foundation and practical reference for scientific research and policy making in this field.
