2017 年 8 巻 1 号 p. 176-182
Conventional agriculture, also known as modern or industrial agriculture, which main aim is to maximize production, is currently prevalent in the world. Negative consequences of such approach include environmental impacts such as soil degradation, groundwater pollution and GHG emissions. Along with environmental problems, the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers in conventional agriculture may cause problems to human health, both of producers and consumers. To alleviate negative impacts of conventional agriculture, the Japanese government has undertaken attempts to promote alternative agriculture. Laws, guidelines and certification schemes for promotion of alternative agriculture have been introduced in late 1990s and early 2000s. Today there are three national level certification schemes: “JAS (Japanese Agricultural Standard) Organic”, “Eco-Farmer” certifications and “Specially Cultivated Products” certification. This review takes a look at the history of developing these certification schemes in Japan as well as the differences in the requirements for obtaining the certifications. The literature suggests that the role of national, regional and municipal governments vary regarding the procedure of introducing and issuing the certifications of each type. The possibility of negative economic impact on uncertified farmers practicing alternative agriculture is discussed. Authors argue that a simplified labeling system is preferred to increase customers” awareness and understanding of alternative agriculture certification schemes.
