Standard and Non-standard Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Ischemic Heart Disease and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Clinical Review

抄録

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, including ischemic heart disease (IHD), remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and are typically induced by the detrimental effects of risk factors on the cardiovascular system. Although some risk factors, such as age and sex, are non-modifiable, the identification and therapeutic interventions against standard modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (SMuRFs), namely hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, and obesity, contribute to improved cardiovascular outcomes. Beyond SMuRFs, non-traditional, potentially modifiable risk factors for IHD have been identified, such as inflammation, lipoprotein (a), and air pollution. This review article summarizes recent clinical evidence regarding SMuRFs and non-traditional risk factors for IHD and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.