Abstract
The purpose of this study is to clarify the stumbling blocks that participants experienced in the workshops conducted for teachers and others who are having difficulties in handling their online classes with Zoom, from the viewpoint of design principles. ICT workshop of 2 hours was conducted five times, and the total number of participants was 62. The workshop dealt with 14 beginner level items, 12 intermediate level items. As a result, first, five additional items were included in the workshop contents because the participants had the problems of ICT literacy. Secondly, participants' stumbling blocks were grouped into "signifier," "sense of control," "unexpected," and "multi-layered structure". The stumbling block summarized as "signifier" was the problem of understanding the use of symbols and terms. This is solved by instant feedback from the facilitator. On the other hand, the stumbling block due to a "sense of control," "unexpectedness," and "multi-layered structure" were considered to be due to the diversification of the user's conceptual model. Therefore, we could point out the importance of connecting the "system image" shown by the designer and the "user’s conceptual model" by conducting workshop, where facilitator can notice the stumbling blocks from the nonverbal cues from the participants.
