Different associations of specific non-alcoholic beverages with elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in Korean adults: results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2015–2016)

Abstract

This study examined the associations between specific non-alcoholic beverages and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and their interactions with obesity. The study participants were 4,999 adults aged 19–64 years from the 2015–2016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained using multivariable logistic regression analyses. In women, there was an inverse linear trend between coffee and hs-CRP status (p_trend = 0.0137), and a positive linear trend for soda was also found (≥1/week vs never or almost never, OR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.23–2.61, p_trend = 0.0127). In the stratification analyses, the associa­tions were only observed in obese women. The associations were inverse for coffee and tea but linearly positive for soda in obese women (p_trend<0.05). In men, an inverted J-shaped association between commercial fruit juice/drink and hs-CRP status was found; but after stratification by obesity, the association was linear only in obese men (p_trend<0.05, OR = 2.44, 95% CI 1.44–4.16 in ≥1/week vs never or almost never). Coffee and tea in women may be beneficially associated with hs-CRP status, but soda in women and commercial fruit juice/drink in men may be adversely, particularly for obese adults.