Aging-related dysregulation of energy metabolism and mitochondrial dynamics in ‍microglia

Abstract

Microglia, the primary immune cells of the central nervous system, play a pivotal role in maintaining brain homeostasis. Recent studies have highlighted the involvement of microglial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of various age-related neuro­degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, the metabolic state of microglia has emerged as a key factor in these diseases. Interestingly, aging and neurodegenerative diseases are associated with impaired mitochondrial function and a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in microglia. This metabolic shift may contribute to sustained microglial activation and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, the leakage of mitochondrial DNA into the cytoplasm, because of mitochondrial dysfunction, has been implicated in triggering inflammatory responses and disrupting brain function. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the role of microglial metabolic shifts, particularly glycolysis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. It also explores the potential of targeting microglial metabolism, for instance by modulating mitophagy or intervening in specific metabolic pathways, as a novel therapeutic approach for changes in brain function and neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging.