参加型計画立案の実践プロセスに見る政治性のモニタリングと記録の方法について

―環境保全プロジェクトのプロセス・ドキュメンテーションの分析から―

抄録

Participatory approaches now seem to be mainstreamed in international developments that are applied to each stage of project. Earlier outsiders controlled and dictated policies and projects designed to develop the disadvantaged, but now the newly developed participatory approaches have replaced them. In other words, disadvantaged people are expected to be not only beneficiaries but also the subject of project activities, such as planning, organizing, and assessing. However, as is already disclosed by ethnographic studies of development projects, assumed beneficiaries never held collective claim as a project assumed; instead it held multiple. A target group is never monolithic, but hybrid while process of a project is never linear, but contingent. People's action in participatory activity is never cooperative, but political.

In this paper, I have laid an effort to scrutinize the effectiveness of “process documentation (PD)” as a monitoring tool to reveal politics in participatory activities. Demonstrating the process of political negotiation on participation and resource distribution, I have explained that the way in which each actor such as fisher, large farmer, local businessman, NGO staffs, and different interest groups compete and ally each other for their different objectives in the project. Thereafter, I have suggested two important possibilities of PD: first of all, I suggest that PD will be a resource for practitioners who are involved in politics to legitimize their experiences and understanding of the political situation in their activities and claim to modify policy model and bridge the gap between model and practice; secondly, I demonstrate importance of PD as “versatile ethnography” of project and suggest possibility of an anthropologist to assume the role to bridge between policy model and practice in development.